1. Hormones

2. Steroid and Nonsteroid Hormones
Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from amino
acids instead of cholesterol.
1
Some nonsteroid hormones are
2
Protein hormones that have
protein hormones. These
carbohydrate groups attached to their
hormones are made up of long,
amino acid chains are classified as a
folded chains of amino acids.
whole separate group called
EXAMPLES (protein hormones):
glycoprotein hormones. EXAMPLES:
insulin, glucagon, calcitonin, prolactin,
Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing
and growth hormone. hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone,
and chorionic gonadotropin.
3 Peptide hormones
1 are smaller than protein
hormones. They are
4
Amino acid derivative
Steroid hormones are manufactured by endocrine made up of short chains hormones are derived
cells from cholesterol. They can easily pass through of amino acids. from a single amino acid
the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells EXAMPLES: Oxytocin, molecule. Two major
because they are lipid-soluable. EXAMPLES: somatostatin, subgroups of amino acid
cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and antidiuretic hormone, derivative hormones are
and melanocyte- amine hormones and
testosterone. stimulating hormone. iodinated amino acids.
6
5
Amine hormones are Iodinated amino acids
synthesized by modifying a are produced by the thyroid
single molecule of the amino gland and are synthesized
acid tyrosine. EXAMPLES: by adding iodine atoms to
norepinephrine, epinephrine, the tyrosine molecule.
and melatonin. EXAMPLES: thyroxine,
triiodothyronine.

3. Steriod and Nonsteroid ***Directions: Find your way through the maze
using the color blue to get to steroid hormones
Hormones and red to get to nonsteroid hormones while
passing each description (numbered on
previous page) of each category of hormones.
Nonsteroid hormones
are synthesized from
amino acids instead of
cholesterol.
6
3 1 4
2 5
Steroid hormones are
manufactured by endocrine
cells from cholesterol. They
can easily pass through the
phospholipid plasma
membrane of target cells
because they are lipid-
soluable. EXAMPLES: cortisol,
START 1 aldosterone, progesterone,
(22) andestosterone.

4. How do hormones work?
• LOCK AND KEY: hormones bind to specific receptors on or in a cell.
Hormones will only bind to receptor molecules that "fit" them exactly.
(23)
What happens when hormones combine?
• Synergism is when different types of hormones combine and end up
having a greater effect on a target cell. Combined hormones may
exhibit permissiveness. This occurs when the first hormone "permits"
the full action of the second hormone. Antagonism may also occur
when hormones combine. One hormone produces the opposite effect
of another hormone. It can be used to "fine-tune" the activity of target
cells.

5. Lining of the
Human gastrointestinal track
contains cells that
Body produce both
Maze endocrine and
exocrine secretions.
A tissue that Hormones like
forms on the gastrin, secretin,
lining of the cholecystokinin-
pancreozymin and
uterus as an
interface ghrelin.
between the
circulatory
systems of
the mother
and
developing
child.

6. I spy… a gland I spy… has a
in the
mediastinum. Its I spy… specific area
in its wall
large in children contains
until they hit some
puberty and it hormone-
starts to shirk producing
until its just fat cells. The
and fibrous hormone is
tissue. Two of atrial
the hormones natriuretic.
are thymosin The Hormone
and deals with
thymopoietin blood volume
or blood
pressure.
Heart
Thymus,

7. Endocrine System
1. The endocrine system is 1. The endocrine system is made up
responsible for the regulation of of glands that produce and secrete
hormones in the body. It works hormones, chemical substances
with nervous system by produced in the body that regulate
stimulating the brain to release the activity of cells or organs.
hormone to stimulate glands like These hormones regulate the
thyroid glands to secrete thyroid body's growth, metabolism (the
hormones. physical and chemical processes of
the body), and sexual
development.

8. Glands
• Pituitary Gland-Pea-sized gland located at the base of the
skull between the optic nerves. The pituitary is sometimes referred to
as the "master gland" as it controls hormone functions such as our
temperature, thyroid activity, growth during childhood, urine production,
testosterone production in males and ovulation and estrogen production
in females.
• Pineal Gland-Pine cone shaped gland of the endocrine
system located between cerebral hemispheres. A structure of the
diencephalon of the brain, the pineal gland produces several important
hormones including melatonin. Melatonin influences sexual
development and sleep-wake cycles. The pineal gland connects the
endocrine system with the nervous system in that it converts nerve
signals from the sympathetic system of the peripheral nervous system
into hormone signals.

9. Glands Cont.
• Thyroid Gland-The thyroid gland is located in the front of
the neck, below the larynx. The small, two-inch gland consists of two
lobes, one on each side of the windpipe, connected by tissue called the
isthmus.
• Made up of two types of cells: follicular cells and Parafollicular cells.
The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism
and calcium balance. The harder the cells work, the harder the organs
work. The calcitonin hormone works together with the parathyroid
hormone to regulate calcium levels in the body.
• Levels of hormones secreted by the thyroid are controlled by the
pituitary gland's thyroid-stimulating hormone, which in turn is controlled
by the hypothalamus.

10. Hormone source target Principal action
Growth hormone- Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates secretion
releasing hormone (somatotrophs) (release) of growth
(GRH) hormone
Growth hormone- Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Inhabits secretion of
inhibiting hormone (GIH), (somatotrophs) growth hormone
or somatostatin
Corticotropin- releasing Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates release of
hormone (TRH) (corticotrophs) adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Thyrotropin- releasing Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates release of
hormone (TRH) (thyrotrophs) thyroidstimulating hormone
(TSH)
Gonadotropin- Releasing Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates release of
(gonadotrophs) gonadotropins (FSH and
LH)
Prolactin- releasing Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates secretion of
hormone (PRH) (corticotrophs) Prolactin
Prolactin- inhibiting Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Inhibits secretion of
Hormone (PIH) (corticotrophs) prolactin

11. Growth hormone (GH) Adenohypophysis General Promotes growth by
(somatotropin [STH]) (somatotropin [STH]) stimulating protein anabolism
and fat mobilization
Prolactin (PRL) (lactogenic Adenohypophysis (lactotrophs) Mammary glands (alveolar Promotes milk secretion
hormone) secretory cells)
Thyroid- stimulating Adenohypophysis (thyrotrophs) Thyroid gland Stimulates development and
hormones (TSH) secretion in the thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Adenohypophysis Adrenal cortex Promotes development and
(ACTH) (corticotrophs) secretion in the adrenal cortex
Follicle- stimulating hormone Adenohypophysis Gonads (primary sex organs) Female: promotes development
(FSH) (gonadotrophs) of ovarian follicle; simulates
estrogen secretion
Male: promotes development of
testis; stimulates sperm
production
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Adenohypophysis Gonads Female: triggers ovulation;
(gonadotrophs) promotes development of
corpus luteum
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Neurohypophysis Kidney male: stimulates production of
testosterones promotes water
retention by kidney tubules
Oxytocin (OT) Neurohypophysis Uterus and mammary glands Stimulates uterine contractions;
stimulates ejection of milk into
mammary ducts

12. Aldosterone Adrenal cortex (zona kidney Stimulates kidney
glomerulosa) tubules to conserve
sodium, which, in turn,
triggers the release of
ADH and the resulting
conservation of by the
kidney
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) Adrenal cortex (zona General Influences metabolism of
fasciculata) food molecules; in large
amounts, it has an
antinflammatory effect
Adrenal androgens Adrenal cortex (zona Sex, organs, other Exact role uncertain, but
reticularis) effectors may support sexual
function
Adrenal estrogens Adrenal cortex (zona Sex organs Thought to be
reticularis) physiologically insignificant
Epinephrine (adrenaline) Adrenal medulla Sympathetic effectors Enhances and prolongs
the effects of the
sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system
Norepinephrine Adrenal medulla Sympathetic effectors Enhances and prolongs
the effects of the
sympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system

13. Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroid gland (follicular General Increase rate of
cells) metabolism
Tetraiodothyronine (T4), Thyroid gland (follicular General Increase rate of
or thyroxine cells) metabolism (usually
converted to T3 first)
calcitonin (CT) Thyroid gland Bone tissue Increase calcium storage
(parafollicular cells) in bone, lowering blood Ca
++ levels
Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid glans Bone tissue and kidney Increase calcium removal
(PTH) or parathormone from storage in bone and
produces the active form
of vitamin D in the kidneys,
increasing absorption of
calcium by intestines and
increasing blood Ca ++
levels

14. Glucagon Pancreatic islets (alpha General Promotes movement of
[a] cells or A cells) glucose from storage
and into the blood.
Insulin Pancreatic islets (beta [b] General Promotes movement of
cells or B cells) glucose out of the blood
and into cells
Somatostatin Pancreatic islets (delta [d] Pancreatic cells and other Can have general effects
cells D cells) effectors in the body, but primary
role seems to be
regulation of secretion of
other pan pancreatic
hormones
Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic islets Intestinal cells and other Exact function uncertain,
(Pancreatic polypeptide effectors but seems to influence
[PP] or F cells) absorption in the digestive
tract.

15. The adrenal glands are also
called suprarenal glands.
These are endocrine glands
that lie like caps on top of the
kidneys. The adrenal medulla
secretes both adrenalin and
noradrenalin, also known as
epinephrine and
norepinephrine respectively.
These hormones are involved
in the body’s “fight or flight”
response. Can you find them?

16. Parathyroid glands are
small glands of the
endocrine system which
are located in the neck
behind the thyroid.
Parathyroid glands
control the calcium in
our bodies--how much
calcium is in our bones,
and how much calcium
is in our blood.

17. The gonads pertain to
the anatomical part of
the body where sex
cells (gametes) are
synthesized. For
instance, the gonads
in females are the
Male
ovaries whereas in
Testes
males are the testes.

18. The pancreas is a gland
organ in the digestive and
endocrine system of
vertebrates. It is both an
endocrine gland producing
several important
hormones, including
insulin, glucagon, and
somatostatin, as well as an
exocrine gland, secreting
pancreatic juice containing
digestive enzymes that
pass to the small intestine.
These enzymes help in the
further breakdown of the
carbohydrates, protein, and
fat in the chyme.

19. Works Cited
• Thibodeau, Gary A. Anatomy & Physiology. seventeenth. St. Louis:
Library Of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data, 2003. 1106. Print.
• N.p., E-mail. <http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Does-the-
Adrenal-Gland-Do.asp&xgt;.
• http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/animalphysiology
/endocrinesystem
• http://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/ar
ticle_em.htm