1. Phagocytosis
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Sarcoidosis
Jori Lambert

2.  The human body has many mechanisms
within the immune system to protect itself
from external and internal pathogens.
 However, when something goes wrong with
these mechanisms, the results can be
devastating to the cells, tissues, and organs
of the lymphatic and immune systems.

3.  Nonspecific innate response to any pathogen
that reaches the connective tissue beneath
skin and mucosae.
 Cytoplasmic extensions reach out to engulf
foreign matter. Used by macrophages, which
are the “large eaters”.

4.  Phagocytes must correctly
identify and bind to the
pathogen’s membrane.
 Pathogen is then pulled
inside and fuses with a
vesicle containing strong
acidic enzymes-lysosome.
 The enzymes break it down
into harmless debris for
the body to sweep up.

5.  If a pathogen resists
digestion by lysosyme,
helper T cells assist the
phagocyte by activating
stronger enzymes
 The release of free
radicals like nitric oxide
and hydrogen peroxide
or protein-digesting
enzymes occur in the
respiratory burst.

6.  Lymphatic system cancer
 Abnormal cell growth that can spread to
other systems
 Mutation happens in B cells called Reed-
Sternberg cells, they proliferate and group
together in the lymphatic system.
 Impaired immune response in body results in
increased susceptibility to infection

7. Microscopic view of PET scan showing affected regions
mutated B cell

8.  Often associated with previous Epstein-Barr
virus infection-mononucleosis
 Immunocompromised or immunosuppressed
patients
 Family history of lymphoma, particularly in
siblings.

9.  Swelling in principal lymph
node locations i.e. axillary,
inguinal and cervical
regions.
 Similar to symptoms of flu:
lethargy or fatigue, fever
and chills, night sweats,
chest pain, coughing, loss Enlarged lymph nodes in
of appetite. cervical region.
 Noticeable, unexplained
weight loss.

10.  Stage 1: One cancerous node or organ.
 Stage 2: Two cancerous nodes or small
affected region.
 Stage 3: Nodes in regions above and below
diaphragm are cancerous, or tissue near
spleen is affected.
 Stage 4: Several organs or tissues are
cancerous and had spread to bones, lungs,
and other parts of body.
NOTE: Stage 1&2 diagnosis has 80% remission rate for 5 years.
Stage 3&4 diagnosis has less than 60% remission rate
over same period of time.

12.  Physical examination, Blood tests, CT, MRI, X-
ray, biopsy of swollen node, and bone
marrow aspiration.
 Treatment typically is a two-step process.
Chemotherapy is typically used first and then
radiation therapy.
 Stem cell transplant can be used if the cancer
returns or resists initial treatment.

13.  Inflammation resulting in abnormal tissue
clumps, granulomas, in body.
 Often found in lymph nodes, lungs, liver,
eyes, and skin.
 Unknown origin, but may be genetic,
environmental sensitivity, or hyper immune
response to an infection.

15.  Higher incidence in African American
population.
 If blood relative has it, increases your chances
by five times.
 Mostly begins between ages of 20 and 40.

16.  Most cases have chest
symptoms such as chest
pain, dry cough, and
shortness of breath.
Eye lesions
 Wide array of presentation
elsewhere. Overall fatigue,
fever, joint pain, rash,
headaches, vision loss,
burning in eyes, and nose
Rash, skin plaques
bleed.

17.  Physical exam, chest x-ray or CT often finds
enlarged organs such as liver or spleen, and
enlarged lymph glands.
 Biopsy of abnormal growth

18.  Primary therapy is corticosteroid, but length
of treatment depends on severity of disease.
 Immunosuppresants can be used to calm an
overactive immune system.
 Most affected see improvement, but others
may develop tissue damage especially in
lungs and heart that can cause death.

19.  Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research
http://www.stopsarcoidosis.org/sarcoidosis/diseasefact
s.htm?gclid=CMbJ_tmo1LICFY1DMgodK0QACQ
 Mayo Clinic:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-
disease/DS00186
 National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health)
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/hodgkin
 US National Library of Medicine:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001
140/
 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hodgkindisease.h
tml

20.  http://www.peterjurek.com/rbv_site/web_pa
ges/phagocytosis.html
 http://www.inflammation-information.com/
 http://www.cancer.gov/
 http://www.netterimages.com/image/3017.h
tm
 http://www.medicalgeek.com