Presentation of the Shoulder Girdle and Upper Limbs of the Appendicular Skeleton

1. AppendicularSkeleton The Upper Limbs

2. TheUpperLimbs – ShoulderGirdle Shoulder Girdle (aka Pectoral Girdle) contains two bones: clavicle and scapula Clavicle makes up the collarbone Attaches to manubrium medially (sternal end) at the sternoclavicular joint Attaches to scapula laterally (acromial end) at acromioclavicular joint Serves to push arm back from thoracic cage and helps prevent shoulder dislocation

3. TheUpperLimbs – ShoulderGirdle Anterior View Superior View

4. TheUpperLimbs – ShoulderGirdle The Scapulae are the shoulder blades Attached to clavicles, but held loosely in place by muscles Triangular shape with three sides (Superior border, Medial border, and Lateral border) and three angles (Superior angle, Lateral angle, and Inferior angle) Suprascapular notch on superior border allows nerves to pass over scapula Spine is ridge on top half of posterior side of scapula Lateral end of spine is Acromion process Coracoid process is inferior and anterior to acromion Acromion and coracoid processes make the superior border of the Glenoid cavity (the socket for the arm)

5. TheUpperLimbs – ShoulderGirdle Posterior View Anterior View

6. TheUpperLimbs – Arm The arm consists of one long bone—the Humerus The rounded Head of the humerus fits in the glenoid cavity of the scapula Lateral to the head are the Greater and Lesser tubercles, which serve as sites of muscle attachment Partway down the bone is the Deltoid tuberosity for the deltoid (shoulder) muscle to attach The Radial groove, which goes by the deltoid tuberosity, marks the path of the radial nerve The distal end includes the Trochlea and Capitulum that articulate with the bones of the forearm The Coronoid and Olecranon fossae are depressions that allow the forearm bone Ulna to move when bending and extending the elbow

7. TheUpperLimbs – Arm Anterior View – Right Arm Posterior View – Right Arm

8. TheUpperLimbs – Forearm The Forearm includes two bones--the Radius and the Ulna The Forearm bones articulate at both ends by radioulnar joints The bones are connected by interosseous membrane The radius is the lateral bone in the anatomical position (same side as thumb) The flattened head forms a joint with the capitulum of the humerus Below the head, on the anterior side is the Radial tuberosity where the bicep muscle attaches

9. TheUpperLimbs – Forearm The ulna is the medial bone in the anatomical position On the proximal end are the Olecranon and Coronoid processes which articulate with the fossae of the humerus In between the processes is the Trochlear notch that glides along the trochlea of the humerus

10. TheUpperLimbs – Forearm Anterior View – Right Arm Posterior View – Right Arm

11. TheUpperLimbs – Forearm Posterior View – Right Arm Anterior View – Right Arm

12. TheUpperLimbs – Hand The hand consists of the Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges The carpals make up the wrist The wrist, or carpus, is made of 8 short bones that are lined up in 2 irregular rows The carpal bones are bound tightly by ligaments that allow minimal movement The 5 metacarpal bones make up the palm The phalanges are the finger bones 14 bones total Bones are labeled Proximal, Middle, and Distal for each finger (thumb only has proximal and distal as there are only two bones)

13. TheUpperLimbs – Hand