This document defines slums and discusses their causes and characteristics. It states that slums are densely populated urban areas with substandard housing and infrastructure. Common causes of slums include rural-urban migration, urbanization, poverty, lack of affordable housing, and weak infrastructure. Slums typically start on the outskirts of cities and are characterized by insecure land tenure, poor quality housing, and overcrowding. The document also discusses risks of living in slums as well as approaches to addressing slums such as slum removal, relocation, and upgrading.

1. SLUMS

2. What Exectly the
‘SLUM’ is ?

3. A slum is a heavily populated
urban informal settlement
characterized by substandard
housing and squalor.
OR
Slum is an predominently an
overcrowded area where
dwelling are unfit for human
habitation.

4. Scenario of SLUM

5. Causes that create SLUMS
 Rular-Urban Migration
 Urbanisation
 Poor house planning
 Poor infrastructure, social exclusion
and economic stangnation
 Poverty
 Politics
 Social Conflicts
 Natural Disasters

6. Rular-Urban Migration
 Rural-urban migration is one of the
causes attributed to the formation and
expansion of slums.
 Many people move to urban areas
primarily because cities promise more
jobs, better schools for poor's children,
and diverse income opportunities than
subsistence farming in rural area.

7. Urbanisation
 The formation of slums is closely
linked to urbanization.
 Urbanization might also force some
people to live in slums when it
influences land use by transforming
agricultural land into urban areas and
increases land value.
 The transformation of agricultural land
also provides surplus labor, as
peasants have to seek jobs in urban
areas as rural-urban migrant workers.

8. Poor housing planning
 Lack of affordable low cost housing
and poor planning encourages the
supply side of slums.
 Insufficient financial resources and
lack of coordination in government
bureaucracy are two main causes of
poor housing planning.

9. Poor infrastructure, social
exclusion and economic
stagnation
 Social exclusion and poor
infrastructure forces the poor to adapt
to conditions beyond his or her
control.
 Poor quality, unpaved streets
encourage slums
 Economic stagnation in a nation with a
growing population reduces per capita
disposal income in urban and rural
areas, increasing urban and rural
poverty.

10. Poverty
 Urban poverty encourages the
formation and demand for slum. With
rapid shift from rural to urban life,
poverty migrates to urban areas.
 The urban poor arrives with hope, and
very little of anything else. He or she
typically has no access to shelter,
basic urban services and social
amenities.
 Slums are often the only option for
the urban poor.

11. Politics
 Scholars claim politics also drives
rural-urban migration and subsequent
settlement patterns. Pre-existing
patronage networks, sometimes in the
form of gangs and other times in the
form of political parties or social
activists, inside slums seek to
maintain their economic, social and
political power.

12. Social Conflicts
 Millions of Lebanese people formed
slums during the civil war from 1975 to
1990.
 Similarly, in recent years, numerous
slums have sprung around Kabul to
accommodate rural Afghans escaping
Taliban violence.

13. Natural Disaster
 Major natural disasters in poor nations
often lead to migration of disaster-
affected families from areas crippled
by the disaster to unaffected areas,
the creation of temporary tent city and
slums, or expansion of existing slums.
 These slums tend to become
permanent because the residents do
not want to leave.

14. Characteristics
of
Slum

15. Location and Growth
 Slums typically begin at the outskirts
of a city. Over time, the city may
expand past the original slums,
enclosing the slums inside the urban
perimeter.
 At their start, slums are typically
located in least desirable lands near
the town or city, that are state owned
or philanthropic trust owned or
religious entity owned or have no clear
land title.

16. Insecure tenure
 Secure land tenure is important for slum
dwellers as an authentic recognition of
their residential status in urban areas.
 It also encourages them to upgrade their
housing facilities, which will give them
protection against natural and unnatural
hazards.
 Undocumented ownership with no legal
title to the land also prevents slum
settlers from applying for mortgage,
which might worsen their financial
situations.

17. Substandard housing and
overcrowding
 Often the construction quality is
inadequate to withstand heavy rains,
high winds, or other local climate and
location. Paper, plastic, earthen floors,
mud-and-wattle walls, wood held
together by ropes, straw or torn metal
pieces as roofs are some of the
materials of construction.
 Overcrowding is another characteristic of
slums. Many dwellings are single room
units, with high occupancy rates. Each
dwelling may be cohabited by multiple
families. Five and more persons may
share a one-room unit;

18. Ricks from Slums
 Vulnerability to natural and unnatural
hazards
 Unemployment and informal economy
 Violence
 Disease
 Child Malnutrition
 Epidemics

19. Countermeasures
 Slum removal
 Slum relocation
 Slum upgrading
 Urban infrastructure development and
public housing

20. Slum Removal
 This strategy for dealing with slums is
rooted in the fact that slums typically
start illegally on someone else’s land
property, and they are not recognized
by the state. As the slum started by
violating another's property rights, the
residents have no legal claim to the
land.
 Slum clearance removes the slum, but
it does not remove the causes that
create and maintain the slum.

21. Slum Relocation
 Slum relocation strategies rely on
removing the slums and relocating the
slum poor to free semi-rural
peripheries of cities, sometimes in free
housing.
 This strategy ignores several
dimensions of a slum life. The strategy
sees slum as merely a place where
the poor lives.

22. Slum Upgrading
 Some governments have begun to
approach slums as a possible
opportunity to urban development by
slum upgrading.
 The approach seeks to upgrade the slum
with basic infrastructure such as
sanitation, safe drinking water, safe
electricity distribution, paved roads, rain
water drainage system, and bus/metro
stops.
 The assumption behind this approach is
that if slums are given basic services and
tenure security – that is, the slum will not
be destroyed and slum residents will not
be evicted, then the residents will rebuild
their own housing,

23. Urban infrastructure development
and public housing
 Urban infrastructure such as reliable high
speed mass transit system,
motorways/interstates, and public
housing projects have been cited as
responsible for the disappearance of
major slums.
 As cities expanded and business parks
scattered due to cost ineffectiveness,
people moved to live in the suburbs; thus
retail, logistics, house maintenance and
other businesses followed demand
patterns.

24. Biggest Slums In World
 1. Khayeltisha, Cape Town, South
Africa
 2. Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya
 3. Dharavi, Mumbai, India
 4. Orangi Town, Karachi, Pakistan
 5. Neza-Chalco-Itza, Mexico City,
Mexico

25. THANK
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