2. LEARNING GOAL
This lesson will equip the participants with
the basic knowledge on gender concepts
and effects on gender issues on women
and society
3. PRESENTATION
OBJECTIVES
• Differentiate sex and gender;
• Discuss the Gender Awareness and Sensitivity
• Identify the gender issues and concerns;
• Discuss and develop a vision of a gender-fair
society
• Recognize the manifestation of Gender Bias
4. Legal Bases
Commitment to non-discrimination was
reiterated by the international community
in a the following covenants:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW)
Beijing Platform for Action (BPFA) – calls for actions on 12
areas of concern affecting women and girl-children
Article II Section 14 of the Philippine Constitution also provides
for the equal treatment of women and men
5. RA 7192 “Women in Nation Building Act” (1992);
RA 9710 “Magna Carta of Women” 2009
RA 8551, otherwise known as PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act (1998);
Sec 27 of RA 8760 otherwise known as the General
Appropriation Act of 2000;
Legal Bases
6. Creation of Family Juvenile Gender and Development
Division (FJGADD) 2002
PNP Memorandum Circular 2004-02 re-PNP Guidelines
in the Implementation of GAD Program vis-à-vis
Utilization of the GAD Funds representing 5% of the
Agency Budget (2004)
Legal Bases
15. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Sex refers to the TWO categories of being Male
and Female – needed for the act of mating to result
in biological reproduction.
Sex is biologically determined (external genitalia or
sex organ; chromosomal make-up; qualities of
hormones)
16. Gender Defined
Gender-refers to the differentiated social
roles, behaviors, capacities, intellectual,
emotional and social characteristics
attributed by a given culture to women and
men. It is what makes one masculine or
feminine
Gender-is socially determined and a
learned behavior
17. 25
SEX GENDER
BORN WITH SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED
CANNOT BE CHANGED CHANGEABLE
- only women can give birth - women can do traditionally
- only men can produce male jobs
sperm - men can take good care
of children
18.
19. Reproductive Function
MALE FEMALE
Ovum fertilization Gestation
Sperm determines sex of
child
Child Bearing
Lactation
Sex and Gender Roles
• Sex role function - role which male or female
assumes because of basic physiological or anatomical
differences
20. Sex and Gender Roles
• GENDER ROLE
– roles assigned to men and women based on
their gender
– refers to activities which are considered
appropriate and acceptable for boys or girls;
men or women.
– part of gender norms; it is society’s evaluation
of behavior as masculine or feminine
21. Female gender roles are associated with
appropriate concepts of
Feminity
and traits such as:
• submissiveness
• modesty
• nurturance
22. Male gender roles are associated
with appropriate concepts of
Masculinity
and traits such as:
•dominance
•assertiveness
•Independence
23. Picture Association Game
• What comes to your mind when you see a picture .
• The participants will then classify if the picture is
for a WOMAN (girl) or MAN (boy).
• The answer should come at the snap of the fingers.
24. GENDER STEREOTYPES
It is the tendency or attitude, to ascribe
particular traits, characteristics and roles
distinctly to men and particular traits,
characteristics, roles distinctly to women.
The assumption behind stereotyping is that
the ascribed attributes of men apply to all
men and that of women apply to all women
in a given society.
25. The confusion between sex and
gender gives rise to such stereotypes as:
Men:
Physically stronger, then, they
are better engineers, architects, welders
or carpenters. They are the protectors of
women.
Women:
Physically weak, then, they need protection
from men. They are better nurses,
teachers, secretaries, and retail salespersons.
They need to be protected by men.
26. The confusion between sex and gender
gives rise to such stereotypes as:
Men:
Bravery, aggressiveness, independence, and
the ability to control emotions are traits of men.
Women:
Timidity, passivity, while emotionally dependent
demonstrative, loving, self sacrificing and being
peaceful are traits of women.
27. The confusion between sex and gender
gives rise to such stereotypes as:
Men:
Work is the center of their lives. Reason is the
basis for decision-making. Decisive.
Women:
Relationship both within and outside the family
is the center of their lives. Intuition is basis of
decision-making. Whimsical and fickle minded
28. The confusion between sex and gender
gives rise to such stereotypes as:
Men:
More fit to be leaders, head of families, business
enterprises, social and political organizations,
states, armies and communities.
Women:
More fit to take secondary roles .
29. Gender Division of Labor
GENDER ROLES
MALE FEMALE
Productive
Role
Reproductive
Role
Community Role
30. Roles of Women and Men
Community politics:
• Organized at formal
political level i.e.,
traditional decision-
making structures;
• Leaders (often paid)
Community managing:
• Is an extension of reproductive role into
community action
• Because services they need in reproductive
role not/badly provided
Community politics:
• Tend to be leaders by virtue of relationship
with other men
• Rank and file (voluntary)
Community-
level Role
• Often “primary”
income earners
• Often organized
around this role i.e.,
workers’
organization/trade
unions
• Rural Areas: often disguised in subsistence
economy or domestic work
• Urban Areas: many in small scale enterprises
(“informal sector: mainly in household (often
disguised) and neighborhood level)
• As ‘secondary’ income earners, make a
critical contribution to income of poor
households
• Female headed may be sole income earner
Productive
Role
•Provider, joint
responsibility
• Childbearing and child rearing
• Organizing of households
Reproductive
Role
MEN
WOMEN
31. Traditional gender roles divide men and
women from each other.
Deny women access to the public world of:
*Work *Power
*Achievement *Independence
Deny men access to:
*Emotive
*The Nurturant
Other oriented world of domestic life.
34. Differentiating sex and gender
SEX GENDER
Biological Fact Socially and culturally
constructed
Natural attribute that a
person is born with
Created, produced,
reproduced and maintained
by social institutions
Natural. Born. Fixed. Acquired/learned. Can be
unlearned.
Sex characteristics are
universal
Gender characteristics are
not universal. It may differ
from society to society.
35. Differentiating sex and gender
SEX GENDER
Sex characteristics are
equally valued and equally
important
Gender characteristics are
marked by inequality
Uses terms like male and
female
Uses terms like masculine
and feminine
Fixed. Sex roles can be
performed by only the
male or the female
Interchangeable. Gender
roles can be performed by
both sexes
Constant regardless of time
place
Time and place-bound
37. • Gender roles are deep-seated in the
culture, as well as, in the belief and value
systems of the society.
• Pervasive social control further reinforce,
maintain and sanction gender roles.
38. • Social institutions reinforce social
values that boys and girls, men and
women; are not only different from
each other, but also, they are not
equal.
• Boys and men have more value than
women.
39. “Gender roles in our society are
acquired via the process of
socialization
rather than biologically
determined.”
40. Socialization
The process by which an individual learns to
conform to the norms of the group where one:
- is born with
-internalizes these norms
-acquire status
-plan corresponding roles
41. 4 Processes of Socialization
Manipulation
refers to ways where parents deter or encourage
behavior on the basis of appropriateness in
regards to gender
Canalization
*refers to the way in which parents channel the
child's interests in activities in conjunction with
gender as deemed appropriate.
42. 53
4 Processes of Socialization
Verbal Appellations
use of language to label children in a way
that reinforces appropriate gender
identification.
Activity Exposures
activities conformity to norms and practices
that reinforces appropriate gender
identification.
43. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• perpetuates the assignment of characteristics
associated with women and men
• influences gender roles socialization
• Mechanism of social control that maintains
gender roles
44. Mechanisms of Social Control:
The Social Institutions
–consist of laws, customs, folkways, and
fashion that strongly influence, if not shape
individual behaviors so that those would
conform to group demands
–internalized so that society’s moral
demands and standards become
constitutive elements of the
individual’s personality
46. Social Institutions: FAMILY
… has the most
influence because
the formative years
of every individual is
almost always spent
with and developed
by the family.
47. Social Institutions:
Education/School
… the formal
school system
promotes and
encourages
the different
gender roles
between men
and women.
Sex segregation system….
Gender stereotype roles in
teaching
materials and selection of
courses
48. …. Reinforcing gender
stereotypes through
religious teachings,
doctrines and
symbols
Social Institutions: RELIGION
*Good women/wife as martyrs,
self sacrificing and conservatives
Affecting reproductive choices
49. … gender discrimination
in relation to occupation
and pay
… Balance of family life
and work
… Question of power
relations as well access
and control to resources
Social Institutions: WORK
Illustration – Time Line discussion
50. … reinforcing gender
stereotypes and sex based
discrimination through
media portrayal of men
and women
Social Institutions: MASS MEDIA
Commodification of women’s bodies…
docile homemakers… macho men
51. Social Institutions: THE STATE
… Creates laws
and policies that
ensure the
maintenance of
the system.
• Instrumental in
passing laws that are
discriminatory to
women and other
sexual orientations.
52. The Revised Penal Code gives different grounds for adultery and
concubinage – an offense referred to in the Family Code as
sexual infidelity.
For the wife, sexual infidelity means one act of sexual intercourse
with other men.
For the husband, it is sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances,
keeping another woman in the conjugal abode or cohabitation with her
in another dwelling.
Did you know that…
54. Manifestations Roots Forms
Marginalizatio
n
Economic Lower Wages
Last hired, first fired
Little or no access to loans
Women are not recognized for
their valuable work
Women have less access to and
control over resources and
benefits
Subordination Political Less women in elective or
appointive positions
Women in lower positions in
bureaucracy
Few women in policy-making
level
Manifestations of Gender Bias
55. Manifestations Roots Forms
Gender
Stereotyping
Socio
cultural
Women portrayed as
homemakers/virgins or as
tempress/sinner
Multiple Burden Socio
cultural
Child rearing
Housework
Office work
Farm work
Violence Against
Women
Political,
socio-
cultural
Wife beating cuts across classes
still not considered a crime and
regarded a private family
matter. Reported cases of rape,
incest and sexual harassment
increasing
Manifestations of Gender Bias
