Cmc chapter 24

Chapter Menu Nuclear Chemistry Section 24.1 Nuclear Radiation Section 24.2 Radioactive Decay Section 24.3 Nuclear Reactions Section 24.4 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Exit Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view the corresponding slides.

Section 24-1 Section 24.1 Nuclear Radiation ,[object Object],nucleus: the extremely small, positively charged, dense center of an atom that contains positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and is surrounded by empty space through which one or more negatively charged electrons move ,[object Object]

Section 24-1 Section 24.1 Nuclear Radiation (cont.) radioisotope X ray penetrating power Under certain conditions, some nuclei can emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.

Section 24-1 The Discovery of Radiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-1 The Discovery of Radiation (cont.)

Section 24-1 Types of Radiation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-1 Types of Radiation (cont.)

Section 24-1 Types of Radiation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-1 Types of Radiation (cont.) ,[object Object]

Section 24-1 Types of Radiation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-1 Types of Radiation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 24-1 Section 24.1 Assessment Why do radioisotopes emit radiation? A. to balance charges in the nucleus B. to release energy C. to attain more stable atomic configurations D. to gain energy

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 24-1 Section 24.1 Assessment X rays are most similar to what type of nuclear emissions? A. gamma rays B. alpha particles C. beta particles D. delta waves

Section 24-2 Section 24.2 Radioactive Decay ,[object Object],radioactivity: the process by which some substances spontaneously emit radiation ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-2 Section 24.2 Radioactive Decay (cont.) transmutation nucleon strong nuclear force band of stability positron emission Unstable nuclei can break apart spontaneously, changing the identity of atoms. positron electron capture radioactive decay series half-life radiochemical dating

Section 24-2 Nuclear Stability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-2 Nuclear Stability (cont.) ,[object Object]

Section 24-2 Nuclear Stability (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-2 Nuclear Stability (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-2 Types of Radioactive Decay ,[object Object]

Section 24-2 Types of Radioactive Decay (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-2 Types of Radioactive Decay (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-2 Types of Radioactive Decay (cont.)

Section 24-2 Writing and Balancing Nuclear Equations ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-2 Radioactive Series ,[object Object]

Section 24-2 Radioactive Decay Rates ,[object Object],[object Object],N is the remaining amount. N 0 is the initial amount. n is the number of half-lives that have passed. t is the elapsed time and T is the duration of the half-life.

Section 24-2 Radioactive Decay Rates (cont.)

Section 24-2 Radioactive Decay Rates (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 24-2 Section 24.2 Assessment The process of converting one element into another by radioactive decay is called ____. A. half-life B. nuclear conversion C. transmutation D. trans-decay

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 24-2 Section 24.2 Assessment An unknown element has a half-life of 40 years. How much of a 20.0g sample will be left after 120 years? A. 0.00g B. 2.50g C. 5.00g D. 7.50g

Section 24-3 Section 24.3 Nuclear Reactions ,[object Object],mass number: the number after an element’s name, representing the sum of its protons and neutrons ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Section 24.3 Nuclear Reactions (cont.) induced transmutation transuranium element mass defect nuclear fission Fission, the splitting of nuclei, and fusion, the combining of nuclei, release tremendous amounts of energy. critical mass breeder reactor nuclear fusion thermonuclear reaction

Section 24-3 Induced Transmutation ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Induced Transmutation (cont.) ,[object Object]

Section 24-3 Induced Transmutation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Reactions and Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Reactions and Energy (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Reactions and Energy (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Reactions and Energy (cont.) ,[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Fission ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Fission ,[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Fission (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Fission (cont.)

Section 24-3 Nuclear Fission (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Reactors ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Reactors (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Reactors (cont.)

Section 24-3 Nuclear Fusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Fusion (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-3 Nuclear Fusion (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 24-3 Section 24.3 Assessment Bombarding a nuclei with charged particle in order to create new elements is called ____. A. nuclear conversion B. nuclear decay C. induced decay D. induced transmutation

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 24-3 Section 24.3 Assessment Thermonuclear reactions involve: A. splitting nuclei into smaller fragments B. fusing nuclei together to form larger particles C. bombarding nuclei with charged particles D. generating electricity in a nuclear reactor

Section 24-4 Section 24.4 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions ,[object Object],isotope: an atom of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-4 Section 24.4 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions (cont.) ionizing radiation radiotracer Nuclear reactions have many useful applications, but they also have harmful biological effects.

Section 24-4 Detecting Radioactivity ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-4 Detecting Radioactivity (cont.) ,[object Object]

Section 24-4 Uses of Radiation ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-4 Uses of Radiation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-4 Biological Effects of Radiation ,[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-4 Biological Effects of Radiation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-4 Biological Effects of Radiation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Section 24-4 Biological Effects of Radiation (cont.)

Section 24-4 Biological Effects of Radiation (cont.) ,[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 24-4 Section 24.4 Assessment What is a radioisotope that emits non-ionizing radiation and is used to signal the presence of certain elements called? A. rad B. rem C. radiotracer D. free radical

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Section 24-4 Section 24.4 Assessment Radiation with enough energy to cause tissue damage by ionizing the particles it collides with is called ____. A. alpha decay B. beta decay C. gamma radiation D. ionizing radiation

Resources Menu Chemistry Online Study Guide Chapter Assessment Standardized Test Practice Image Bank Concepts in Motion

Study Guide 1 Section 24.1 Nuclear Radiation Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Study Guide 2 Section 24.2 Radioactive Decay Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Study Guide 3 Section 24.3 Nuclear Reactions Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Study Guide 4 Section 24.4 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 1 The half-life of a radioisotope is: A. one-half its total life B. 2500 years C. the amount of time it takes to completely decay D. the amount of time it takes for one-half to decay

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 2 What is a positron? A. a nucleon with the same mass as a neutron and a positive charge B. a nucleon with the same mass as a proton and a negative charge C. a nucleon with the same mass as an electron and a positive charge D. a type of radioactive emission with a negative charge

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 3 What is the force that holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom? A. nuclear magnetic force B. strong nuclear force C. ionic bonding D. nuclear bond

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 4 During positron emission, a proton is converted to: A. a neutron and electron B. an electron and positron C. a proton and neutron D. a neutron and positron

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chapter Assessment 5 A thermonuclear reaction is also called ____. A. nuclear fission B. nuclear fusion C. mass defect D. critical mass

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 1 Which statement is NOT true of beta particles? A. They have the same mass as an electron. B. They have a charge of 1+. C. They are less penetrating than alpha particles. D. They are represented by 0 -1 β.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 2 The site that oxidation occurs at in a battery is called ____. A. anode B. cathode C. nothode D. salt bridge

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 3 A solution of 0.500 M HCl is used to titrate 15.00mL if KOH solution. The end point of the titration is reached after 25.00 mL of HCl is added. What is the concentration of KOH? A. 9.00 M B. 1.09 M C. 0.833 M D. 0.015 M

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 4 The half-life of K-40 is 1.26 × 10 9 years. How much of a 10.0g sample will be left after 200 million years? A. 8.96g B. 8.03g C. 7.75g D. 4.99g

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],STP 5 Elements above the band of stability are radioactive and decay by ____. A. alpha decay B. beta decay C. positron emission D. electron capture

IB Menu Click on an image to enlarge.

CIM Table 24.3 Radioactive Decay Processes Figure 24.16 Chain Reactions Figure 24.17 Critical Mass Figure 24.20 Nuclear Power Plants

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Cmc chapter 24

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Cmc chapter 24