2. 37.6 million Spanish
Speaking in the United
States above 5yrs. old
34.8 million are Hispanics
2.8 million are non-Hispanic
Who are the 2.8 million non-Hispanics who
speak Spanish at home?
Some 59% trace their ancestry to non-Spanish
European countries such as Germany, Ireland,
England and Italy. An additional 12% say they
are of African American descent.
…The racial composition of non-Hispanic
Spanish speakers mirrors that of the U.S. nonHispanic population. Overall, three-quarters
(77%) of non-Hispanics who speak Spanish at
home are white, 14% are black, and 9% say
they belong to some other racial group.
Data from the U.S. Census 2010
http://www.census.gov
Pew Research:
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/
2013/08/13/spanish-is-the-most
spoken-nonenglish-language-in-u-shomes-even-among-nonhispanics/
3. 308,745,538 Total U.S. Population 2010 Census
37.6 million Speak Spanish at home who are above 5yrs. old in the U.S.
at home who are above 5yrs. old in the U.S.
Data from the U.S.
Census 2010
http://www.census.gov
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanophone#List_of_countries_with_Spanish-speaking_populations
4. Immigration:
“We need immigration reform that will secure our borders, and… that finally brings the 12 million
people who are here illegally out of the shadows... We must assert our values and reconcile our
principles as a nation of immigrants and a nation of laws.” Barack Obama, June 28, 2008
“America’s immigration system is outdated, unsuited to the needs of
our economy and to the values of our country. We should not be
content with laws that punish hard-working people and deny
businesses willing workers and invite chaos at our border.”
George W. Bush, February 2, 2005
5. Oppression:
Oppression of the Spanish Speaking population is
exaggerated by language issues and impacts education, jobs,
housing and creates segregation at all levels of society.
6. Discrimination
An Associated Press poll from 2010 found
that 61 percent of people said that Hispanics
face significant discrimination. There has
been a backlash against illegal immigration
that has created a divide amongst Latinos in
the United States. It is leading to deeper
concerns about discrimination against
Latinos (including U.S. born and those who
immigrated legally).
7. Privilege
Colorism: “a preference toward White skin both
within the United States and within and among
Latinos” (Quiros & Araujo Dawson, 2013).
Colorism is common in Hispanic countries as well as
the United States. Lighter skin is favored as darker
skin is connected to historically oppressed populations
of African descent and indigenous peoples.
Felix v. Manquez in 1980 found that color
discrimination is a violation of Title VII of the Equal
Rights Act of 1964. Manquez alleged that Felix, both
Latina women, did not promote Manquez due the
darker color of her skin.
Latin American “Telenovelas” cast actors who are
lighter skinned, or “blonde”, in starring roles. Darker
skinned actors are cast as maids (Jones, 2004).
Aracely Arambula “La Patrona” actress
Quiros, L., & Araujo Dawson, B. (2013). The color paradigm: The impact of
colorism on racial identity and identification. Journal of Human Behavior in
the Social Environment, 23(3), 287-297. doi:
10.1080/10911359.2012.740342
Jones, V. (2004, August 19). Pride or prejudice? Boston Globe. Retrieved
from http://www.boston.com/yourlife/articles/2004/08/19/pride_or_prejudice/
9. The Media:
Movies, TV, Radio
Clips; Representing how Latinos are
represented on TV.
Click here to watch: http://youtu.be/0DechLBGg1c
10. The Media:
Movies, TV, Radio
A scene from the ‘Crash’ movie:
Sandra Bullock and Latino Locksmith scene.
Click to watch: http://youtu.be/N-Umf_chNHw
11. “Braceros” by Domingo Ulloa (1960)
Part of the Chicano art movement
activism of the 1970s in the U.S.
“Me and My
Parrots” by Frida
Kahlo (1941)
FINE ARTS
“Cargador de
Flores” by
Diego Rivera
(1935)
“Chopin” by Javier Cabada
Spanish-American artist
“The
temptation of
St. Anthony”
by Salvador
Dali a
Spanish artist
(1946)
12. Education
“Probably nothing derails an adolescent’s future more
certainly than disconnecting from school, losing interest in
learning, and ultimately dripping out of school”
(National Research Council Report on High-Risk Youth, 1993, p. 417)
The Bilingual Education Act (BEA) or Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary
Education Act (ESAA) of 1968 was the first federal legislation related to bilingual
education and allowing for the allocation of funds to support school districts. ESEA
expired in 2002 and was replaced by No Child Left Behind (NCLB).
Lau vs. Nichols (1974) found that discrimination based on language minority status
was a violation of Title Vi of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
In education, language has been the controversy in education between assimilation
and multiculturalism (Weise & Garcia 1998).
Historic background of bilingual
education video.
Click here to watch:http://youtu.be/0tIppleeIjk
Behnke, A. O., Gonzalez, L. M., & Cox, R. B. (2010). Latino students in new arrival states:
Factors and services to prevent youth from dropping out. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral
Sciences, 32(3), 385-409. doi:10.1177/0739986310374025
Calderon, M., Slavin, R., & Sanchez, M. (2011). Effective instruction for English
learners. The Future of Children, 21(1), 103-127. doi: 10.1353/foc.2011.0007
Colorado Department of Education (2010). 2008-2009 Dropout Data.
http://www.cde.state.co.us/cdereval/rv2009dropoutlinks
National Research Council Panel on High-Risk Youth (1993). Social competence in the
school setting: Prospective cross-domain associations among inner-city teens. Child
Development, 66, 416-429.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2013). The
Condition of Education 2013 (NCES 2013-037), Status Dropout Rates.
Weise, A., & Garcia, E. E. (1998). The bilingual education act: Language minority students
and equal educational opportunity. Bilingual Research Journal, 22(1), 1-18. doi:
Programs, such as Success For All (SFA) vacillate between bilingual education
where students are taught core subjects in their own language while learning
English and immersion programs where 30 minutes per day are for learning English
with the remainder of the day in a mainstream classroom. Programs such as
Success for All incorporate whole school reform using cooperative learning are
showing the greatest gains for Spanish speaking students (Calderon, Slavin,&
Sanchez, 2011).
The drop out rate for Hispanic students in Colorado is 6.2% as compared to 2.3%
for White students. (Colorado Department of Education, 2009). Nationwide the rates
are 14% and 5%, respectively (National Center for Education Statistics, 2011).
Factors influencing drop outs (Behnke, Gonzalez, & Cox, 2010):
• Economic support to the family
• Personal problems, including pregnancy
• Academic difficulty
• Peer pressure
13. Spanish speaking
occupations in the United
States
22.1 million Hispanics or Latinos of any race, 16yr.
and older who were in the civilian labor force in 2010.
(source: US Census)
8.4 million Unauthorized immigrants in the nation’s
workforce in 2007 in the United States.
(source: Pew Hispanic Center)
Census 2010 data: http://quickfacts.census.gov
Read more:
http://www.census.gov/ne
14. Unemployment, Employment & Earnings
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2011
SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2011
15. Health Care
…there is a need and an opportunity to understand
how immigration reform will meet health care reform
during the implementation of the Affordable Care Act.
….. Lack of progress on immigration reform has
placed financial pressures on safety-net health care
organizations and created ethical challenges for
health care professionals seeking to provide good
care to their undocumented patients: how should we
act now to prevent these problems going forward?
Nancy Berlinger and Michael Gusmano, Undocumented Patients website, (Garrison, NY: The Hastings
Center, 2012), www.undocumentedpatients.org.
16. Religion & Spanish
Speaking
San Miguel Chapel, Sante Fe, New Mexico. Oldest church structure in the
US. Original adobe walls built in approximately 1610AD.
Photo from Wikimedia Commons http://en.wikipedia.org
SOURCE: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2007/04/25/ii-religion-and-demography/
17. Lessons Learned: Population Growth and Spanish Speaking
Between 2005 and 2050, the nation’s population will increase to 438 million from
296 million, a rise of 142 million people that represents growth of 48%.
The Hispanic population, 42 million in 2005, will rise to 128 million
in 2050, tripling in size. Latinos will be 29% of the population,
compared with 14% in 2005. (Figure 6)
Lessons Learned;
about the Media
Level of Impact of Media
Images have of Spanish
Speakers in Our Culture
Privilege exists within
Spanish Speaking culture
Latinos will account for 60% of the nation’s
population growth from 2005 to 2050.
Significant Educational
disparities for Spanish
Speaking Students
Data source: Pew Research Hispanic Trends: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2008/02/11/us-population-projections-2005-2050/
18. Lessons Learned Around
Immigration & Policy
The magnitudes of the costs and benefits of
illegal immigration hold several important
lessons for policymakers. One is that not
withstanding all of the focus and controversy
surrounding illegal immigration, the fate of the
US economy is not riding on the country’s policy
toward unauthorized workers. Allowing a few
more or a few less unauthorized immigrants into
the country would not have dire consequences.
Reducing government benefits to the
unauthorized population is not a meaningful
option, given that the primary benefits they
receive are in the form of public education, to
which their access is constitutionally guaranteed,
and Medicaid for their US-born children.
Hanson, G. The Economics and Policy of Illegal Immigration in the United States. Migration
Policy Institute (2009) p. 11
19. Lessons Learned
Education
Bilingual education was formally initiated as part
of the Civil Rights act. This was new information for
me as I related that legislation to the rights of Black
Americans. The history of bilingual education was
also new as it was purposefully used to force
immigrants to break ties with their native countries.
Racism in Latin American countries has the same
basis related to the darkness of a person’s skin as it does in
the US. This remains ironic to me as most White people want
to be darker, but this does not equate to a negative state.
English language learners are not prepared to learn
without support in the time that has been allowed in most
school systems. The expectation is that children be
mainstreamed within three years. Although they may have
acquired spoken English skills, this does not equate to being
able to complete most educational tasks; this advanced English
understanding takes up to seven years to solidify.
