2. Classification of Kingdom Fungi
• Fungi are classified based on
the type or shape of their
reproductive structures =
sporangium.
3. There are 3 phyla:
1. Phylum Mastigomycota
Ex) Water Molds
• Motile spores – flagella with
cellulose cell walls
• Mainly saprophytes
• Sexual and asexual
reproduction
4. 2. Phylum Amastigomycota
• Non-motile spores with
chitin cell walls.
– There are 3 classes:
• Class Zygomycetes
• Class Ascomycetes
• Class Basidiomycetes
5. a) Class Zygomycetes (conjugation fungi):
(zygote = fertilized egg; mycetes – thread)
Ex) Rhizopus (Bread mold)
• Reproduction:
– Sexually – zygospores
– Asexually – spores.
• Some are saprophytes
• NO dikaryotic stage
10. b) Class Ascomycetes (sac fungi)
• Sexual and asexual spores.
– Sexual spores called ascospores
– Asexual spores called conidia
11.
12.
13. b) Class Ascomycetes (contd)
• SHORT dikaryotic stage
• Many pathogens of plants
ex) Dutch Elm’s disease
Memory trick: “Asc” rearranges to
form “SAC”
ID - No mushrooms with gills are
among the ascos
17. Sir Alexander Fleming
It acts by killing bacteria directly or byIt acts by killing bacteria directly or by
inhibiting their growth.inhibiting their growth.
P
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18. •Mildew is a
parasitic fungi.
•Often attacks the
leaves of plants,
usually those in
shaded areas in
humid regions.
•The white spores
of the fungi
produce a powdery
pattern on the
leaves and cause
the leaves to curl
and wither.
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19. This brown, brain-like fungus (a false morel) is poisonous
and eating it can prove fatal. It is a CARCINOGEN.
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20. Every Spring, truffle hunters in Europe take to the woods, hoping
that the sensitive noses of their trained pigs and dogs will lead
them to buried treasure.
•Have been
collected for
3600 years
•Tantalizing
taste & aroma
Price? $400/ounce
•Grow underground
•Hard to find
Truffles
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21. Aspergillus flavus
Grows on peanuts (& other foods)
•Produces a TOXIN (called mycotoxin)
•When eaten, this causes vomiting,
abdominal pain, pulmonary edema,
convulsions, coma and death.
•It is also the most potent
CARCINOGEN known to man. Long-
term exposure to low levels of this
mycotoxin will cause LIVER CANCER
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23. Benefits of Ascomycetes Fungi
Camembert and Brie cheeses.
Blue cheeses.
Soy sauce and Ketchup
PenicillinPenicillin
All of the various uses of lichensAll of the various uses of lichens
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25. c) Class Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
• Sexual spores only =
Basidiospores produced on
structures called basidia (No
asexual spores)
• LONG dikaryotic stage
• Many are pathogens
ex) smuts & rusts
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. One of the largest of the edible fungi, reaching a
width of several meters and a weight of several
kilograms. It typically grows on trees.
SULFUR FUNGUS
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31. •Round fruiting bodies that
contain spores. They sit
directly on the ground or on
rotten wood.
•They range from golf ball
size to as large as a
watermelon.
•A large specimen can be
almost two feet long and
contain 7 trillion spores.
PUFFBALL
S
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32. dry
wet
• Young, closed earthstars are onion-shaped. Their
peridium (skin) is made up of three layers.
EARTHSTARS
• The layers allow the earthstar to do something no other
fungus can do. Earthstars can move!
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34. Mushrooms follow the path made by fairies
dancing in a ring.
FAIRY RING
• Mushrooms grow on the outer edges of
the mycelium.
The body of this fungus, its mycelium, is underground. It
grows outward in a circle. As it grows, the mycelium uses up
all of the nutrients in the soil, starving the grass.
• Rings can grow outward at 20cm/yr.
• One ring formed in France is almost 600m
in diameter. This ring is thought to be 700
years old.
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35. • Hallucinogenic &
deadly poisonous
mushroom.
Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhea and
can lead to coma and death.
Fly Agaric Mushroom
• Contains ibotenic acid
and a number of other
organic poisons.
• Can cause severe
damage to the CNS,
blood vessels, kidneys,
liver, and muscles.
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36. MEMORY TRICK
• Memory trick for the dikaryotic stage:
ZAB – no, short, long
Z = no dikaryotic stage for zygomycetes
A = short dikaryotic stage for ascomycetes
B = long dikaryotic stage for basidiomycetes
37. 3. Phylum Deuteromycota
Ex) Athlete’s foot, ringworm,
thrush, yeast infections.
• Imperfect fungi – resemble sac &
club fungi (so imperfect)
• Asexual spores only – no sexual
ones
• Pathogens of animals –
ringworm, Athlete’s foot
– PARASITES!!
41. Potatoe Famine
• Potatoe Blight (1800’s)
• This fungus infected the potatoes and
caused a famine of great proportions.
• By the summer of 1847, almost 3 million
people had either died or left Ireland for
America.
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42. The caterpillarThe caterpillar
fungusfungus
What is it? A fruiting body produced by the fungus that lives on
dead caterpillars of the moth Hepilus fabricius.
When the caterpillar dies, spores are spread to the next
generation of caterpillars.
Today the most common way to prepare it is to stuff a duck with
the caterpillar fungus, boil it, and then drink the hot liquid from
the duck.
Chinese people have used this fungus as a tonic/medicine for
thousands of years.
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43. Caterpillar fungus can be bought
in Chinese drug stores for up to
$53/pound.
•Some people believe the caterpillar
fungus cures TB, coughing, anemia,
and back and knee pains.
•Today, it is used to increase strength, decrease stress, or for
rejuvenation after a long serious injury.
•Scientists are also using it to combat some types of cancer.
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44. You probably use fungal products every day without being awareYou probably use fungal products every day without being aware
of it.of it.
Mushrooms
Yeasts: bread, wine, & beer.
Drugs: cure diseases and stop the
rejection of transplanted hearts and other
organs.
Flavorings: for cooking
Vitamins
Enzymes: for removing stains
45. The ants cannot digest cellulose, but the fungus can.
By using the cellulose as food for
its own growth, the fungus
converts the cellulose into
carbohydrates.
LEAF CUTTING ANTS
Create their food supply by creating a
‘fungi-garden’ that is mutually beneficial
The ants then eat the fungus.
46. IMPORTANCE OF FUNGIIMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
Decomposers
Genetic research: are harmless, reproduce quickly,
and are cheap (ie: yeast)
Protection (antibiotics) – competitive inhibitors of
bacteria
Some are edible (truffles, mushrooms, morels…), but
watch out for the poisonouspoisonous ones!
Many are pathogens
MycorrhizaeMycorrhizae (a close association with trees)
Medicinal purposesMedicinal purposes (as mentioned with lichens)