3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 11 years) The child begins to reason logically, and organize thoughts coherently, however, they can only think about actual physical objects; they cannot handle abstract reasoning; its also characterized by a loss of egocentric thinking. A child has the ability to master most types of conservation experiments, and begins to understand reversibility. The concrete operational stage is also characterized by the child's ability to coordinate two dimensions of an object simultaneously, arrange structures in sequence, and transpose differences between items in a series.
4. Seriation The concrete operations that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length or height.
6. Neo-Plagetians Argue that Piaget got some things right but others need considerable revision Give more emphasis to how children use attention, memory, and strategies to process information. Believe that a more accurate portrayal of children’s thinking requires attention to strategies, speed at which information is processed, the task involved, & the division of problems into smaller, more precise steps.
8. Information Processing Examines how children handle information during middle and late childhood. During these years children dramatically improve their ability to sustain and control attention. Children pay more attention to task relevant stimuli than to salient stimuli.
9. Changes in Information Processing These information processes change during middle and late childhood. Memory, Thinking, and Metacognition
10. Memory Long Term Memory increases Which Reflects Increased Knowledge Knowledge & Expertise influences what is noticed, how information is organized, interpreted & represented. Experts have acquired knowledge in a particular area. Strategies consist of deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information.
11. Memory cont’d Fuzzy Trace Theory states that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: (1) verbatim memory trace, and (2) gist. In this theory, older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of information.
12. Thinking Three important aspects of thinking are being able to think critically, creatively, and scientifically. Critical thinking is thinking with reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating the evidence. Creative thinking is the ability to think in novel ways & to come up with unique solutions to problems Scientific Thinking is when a child asks fundamental questions about reality and seeks answers to problems that seem utterly trivial or answerable to others.
13. Metacognition Defined it is the cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing. It is referring to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes or anything related to them, e.g., the learning-relevant properties of information or data. For example, I am engaging in metacognition if I notice that I am having more trouble learning A than B; if it strikes me that I should double check C before accepting it as fact.—J. H. Flavell
24. Encourage children to talk about feelings, and reassure them that those feelings are normal after a stressful event.
25. Protect children from re-exposure, by limiting discussion of the event in front of children.
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28. The theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than its predecessor.
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30. The Heinz Dilema The children were asked the following questions regarding the Heinz dilemma: (read slide) These questions were formulated by Kohlberg, but Gilligan’s response is that males and females understand the question differently. According to Gilligan: The boy thinks of it as “should Heinz steal the drug?” The girl asks herself “should Heinz steal the drug?” – hoping to find another solution. Males and females understand the question differently. Should Heinz steal the drug? 1a. Why or why not? 2. Is it actually right or wrong for him to steal the drug? 2a. Why is it right or wrong? 3. Does Heinz have a duty or obligation to steal the drug? 3a. Why or why not?
