1. The Long 19th Century Jessica Gunn History 141 Course #50587

2. Background Readings Introduction: The Americas in the 19th Century In the 18th and 19th centuries, almost all the lands of the western hemisphere won their independence from European colonial powers. The great influx of Asian and European immigrants to the U.S. contributed to the transformation of the Americas. The immigrants increased the ethnic diversity of the populations and stimulated political, social, and economic development. Because of the diversity of the population, freedom, equality, and a constitutional government was a struggle. Building American States: The United States In the 1780s leaders of the colonies created a constitutionthat gave power to the federal government for general issues and the individual states for local issues. In the 1860’s, a civil war was sparked because of differences over slavery and the rights of individual states as opposed to the federal government . Slavery was abolished and the federal state became stronger. The westward expansion of the Euro-Americans dislocated the indigenous native population. From 1845-1848 the Mexican-American War was fought resulting in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, where the U.S. bought Texas, New Mexico and California from Mexico.

3. Background Readings Building American States: Canada Canada was colonized both Britain and France. New France became part of the British empire after the British victory in the Seven Years‘ War from 1756-1763. In 1781 a large number of British loyalists fled the United States and sought refuge in Canada. In the war of 1812, Canadian forces defended themselves from U.S. incursions. Pride in their victories and anti-U.S. sentiments created a way to smooth over differences between French Canadians and British Canadians. From 1840-1867 the British imperial governors of Canada hoping to avoid a civil war similar to the American one, expanding home rule in Canada and permitted the provinces to govern their own internal affairs. The British North America Act of 1867 joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and recognized them as the Dominion of Canada. Building American States: Latin America Simon Bolivar's Gran Colombia broke into its three parts: Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. The rest of Latin America fragmented into numerous independent states. Spanish and Portuguese colonial governments were veryautocratic so few Latin American leaders had little experience with self-government. Rebellions became more common because there was no institutionalized means of expressing discontent or opposition. During the Mexican Revolution from 1911-1920, middle-class Mexicans, peasants and workers fought to over throw PorfirioDiaz.

5. Followed the Medieval Warm Period.

6. Average 4 degree difference from today.

7. Crops began to fail leading to starvation.

8. Cholera, typhus, and bubonic became pandemics.

9. Entire populations died off.

10. New ways of farming and different crops evolved.

13. Led an expedition up the Missouri River in 1832.

16. Argentine writer, essayist, poet, translator and librarian.

17. Was director of the Argentinian National Public Library.

18. Was a professor of literature at the University of Buenos Aires.

20. The Saint-Domingue Slave Revolt launched the Revolution.

21. The French Revolutionary government granted citizenship to “wealthy free people of color” but not all white plantation owners complied with this decision.

22. Fighting broke out between former slaves and whites triggering a civil war.

23. By 1792 slaves controlled a third of the island and the French Legislative Assembly granted civil and political rights to free blacks.

24. British troops enter St.Domingue in an attempt to colonize and reinstate slavery.

25. In 1794 the National Convention formally abolished slavery.

26. Estimated deaths reached 100,000 blacks and 24,000 whites.

27. In 1799 The War of Knives begins between Rigaund and Toussaint and the U.S. resumes trade with the colony.

28. Napoleon issues a Proclamation on Saint-Domingue.

29. In 1801 Toussaint conquers Santo Domingo and gains control over the entire island.

30. In 1803 the last French troops leave Saint-Domingue.

32. Sepoys of the British East India Company mutinied because they became disgruntled over things such as caste favoritism in the ranks and the belief that the British intended to occupy and mass convert the Hindus and Muslims to Christianity.

33. Other mutinies and other civil rebellions broke out.

34. Became a patriotic revolt against European presence.

35. Sikhs of Punjab refused to join the rebellion fearing that it would lead to the return of Islamic rule.

36. All the Gurjar villages between Meerut and Dehli were involved in the revolt but the British regained control in the area in July.

37. The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah was exiled in 1858.

39. Unwilling to negotiate concessions Turkey goes to was with Russia.

40. November 1853, the Russians destroy the Turkish fleet at Sinope in the Black Sea. The Britain and France joined the war against Russia.

41. British troops arriving in Turkey contracted cholera and malaria and within a few weeks an estimated 8,000 men were sick. Florence Nightingale and a group of thirty-eight nurses went to Turkey to aid the sick soldiers.

43. 1862 – The French, Spanish and British fleets arrive in Veracruz, Mexico.

44. May 5, 1862 – Mexican forces defeated the French in the Battle of Puebla.

45. 1863 – The French take the capitol of Mexico City.

46. 1864 – Maximilian of Habsburg accepted the crown and became Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico.

47. 1865 – Mexican forces began to defeat Imperial Forces.

48. 1866 – Napoleon III orders withdrawal of French forces.

49. 1867 – Republicans take Mexico City and Maximilian is executed.