2. Distillation
Distillation in chemistry is the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating
and cooling.
When a mixture of liquids of varying boiling and condensing points need to be
separated, the ideal technique to use would be distillation.
Distillation is a chemical process which is useful to human life – distillation of
alcohol from fermented liquids, distillation of water from hard water, distillation of
fuels from crude oil etc.
8. Fractional Distillation
In the above diagrams, a mixture of liquids is boiled using a burner/heater.
During this process, different portions of the mixture boil at different temperatures. This
ensures that the liquid of less boiling point boils over first and vaporizes and passes
through the condenser.
The condenser is an intricate design with a glass column over another glass column.
The vapors of the first liquid while passing through the condenser is brought back to
liquid, due to the cold water flowing through the outer column of the condenser. This
brings back the liquid to its original liquid form. The same gets collected in a collection
jar. By controlling the temperature of the burner, the output liquid can be varied and
different components of the mixture can be separated.
This technique is known as distillation / fractionation / fractional distillation depending
on the application.
This is used in distillation of fuel from crude oil.
9. Fractional Distillation
A similar setup is use for the fractional distillation of petroleum products. As we all
know the source of all petroleum products is the crude oil which is a natural resource
and a type of fossil fuel which is rigged from the earth. Crude oil in its unrefined form is
of no use as it would clog our engines and would not be sufficient to power our needs.
Chemical composition of crude oil
Crude oil is the raw natural resource that is extracted from the earth and refined into
products such as gasoline, jet fuel, and other petroleum products. It is a precious
global commodity which powers our mobility.
Although it is often called "black gold," crude oil can vary in color from black to yellow
depending on its hydrocarbon composition. Other than hydrocarbons, crude oil is
heavily composed of organic material. So crude oil is basically a mixture of paraffin
wax, gasoline, diesel, naphtha, lubricating oil and kerosene.
11. Fractional Distillation of crude oil
Most of the components of crude oil are necessary for man’s needs, but only in its
separate forms. As a mixture, it serves little purpose. Fractional distillation follows the
simple idea of chemical distillation but in an industrial scale.
Fractional distillation separates a mixture into a number of different parts, called
fractions.
13. Fractional Distillation of crude oil
A tall fractionating column is fitted above the mixture, with several condensers coming
off at different heights. The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top.
Substances with high boiling points condense at the bottom and substances with lower
boiling points condense on the way to the top.
The condenser system varies from a distillation unit in a fractional distillation unit. The
entire fractioning column is fitted with multiple layers of condensers stacked one on top
of the other. When a liquid boils in the lower condenser, the vapors move upward to
the upper condenser. the temperature in the condenser on tops is lower than the one
below. Therefore the liquid may condense in the upper condenser and be collected. If
at that temperature also it vaporizes it will be moved on to a higher column and so on.
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The crude oil is evaporated and its vapours
condense at different temperatures in the fractionating column. Each fraction contains
hydrocarbon molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms and a similar range of
boiling points.
16. Fractional Distillation of crude oil
The diagram above summarises the main fractions from crude oil and their uses, and
the trends in properties. Note that the gases leave at the top of the column, the liquids
condense in the middle and the solids stay at the bottom.
Bitumen is the solid chunk that requires more than 350 degree Celsius to boil. A little
more volatile than bitumen are our fuel oils like diesel, kerosene and petrol. The most
volatile fuel is the refinery gasses.
As you go up the fractionating column, the hydrocarbons have lower boiling points,
lower viscosity (they flow more easily) and higher flammability (they ignite more
easily). Bitumen at more than 350 degree Celsius, diesel between 250 - 350 Celsius,
kerosene between 160 - 250 Celsius, Petrol 20 - 70 Celsius and natural gas less than
20 Celsius.
The different fractions are collected at different heights of a fractional distillation unit
and processed before shipping.
17. Cracking
Crude oil is usually mixed with natural gasses when it is rigged from the earth. The
natural gasses being lighter than crude stay above the crude oil. There is also saline
water found in the depths of the earth which contaminate the crude oil. It stays below
the crude as it is heavier. Crude oil is thus in a very impure form and needs some
processing before put to fractional distillation.
If fuels are made from un-processed crude they will contain large hydrocarbon
molecules and will not be efficient as they do not flow easily and are difficult to ignite.
This is where cracking comes in.
Cracking allows large hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into smaller, more
useful hydrocarbon molecules. Fractions containing large hydrocarbon molecules are
heated to vaporise them. They are then either heated to 600-700°C or passed over a
catalyst of silica or alumina.
These processes break covalent bonds in the molecules, causing thermal
decomposition reactions. Cracking produces smaller alkanes and alkenes
(hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds).
The cracked crude oil is more suitable for fuel production.
18. Forensic significance of frac. distillation
Crude oil is fractionally distilled into fuel parts / fractions.
Each fuel fraction has a certain boiling point.
When fuel fractions are adulterated, boiling point differences can help us identify the
adulteration and the mode of adulteration.
The forensic test that is performed is itself fractional distillation of the adulterated
product and the yields are tested for boiling points.
If there is multiple boiling points, adulteration can be proved.
19. Review of fractional distillation
Crude oil is fractionally distilled into different useful petroleum products.
Crude oil and its fractions are composed of different hydrocarbons.
To break up hydrocarbons, they are chemically compounds which contain Hydrogen,
Carbon and Oxygen in varying amounts.
Pure hydrocarbons are insoluble in water and they all burn in oxygen or air to produce
carbon dioxide, water, and heat. The heat energy produced is turned to mechanical or
electrical energies when we burn hydrocarbons such as gasoline in cars for example.
This is the major use of these hydrocarbons – burning.
20. Review of fractional distillation
There are multiple hydrocarbons present in crude
oil and its fractions. They could be alkanes,
alkenes and alkynes.
But the basic understanding is that the longer the
carbon chain in the hydrocarbon the higher its
melting point. Therefore the longer chain
hydrocarbons require more temperature to keep
them burning. So longer carbon chain
hydrocarbons are poor fuel when compared to
shorter carbon chain hydrocarbons.
21. Petroleum fractions
The 7 major fractions that need to be known are:
Refinery Gas (1-2%)
Gasoline (15-30%)
Kerosene (10-15%)
Lubricating oils (15-20%)
Paraffin wax (5-10%)
Diesel (15-20%)
Residue (40-50%)
22. Refinery gas (1-2%)
Contains gaseous alkanes of one to four carbon atoms. Mostly contains methane used
as fuel or as starting point for synthesis of other organic compounds.
Methane is used as a fuel for ovens, homes, water heaters, kilns, automobiles,
turbines, and other things.
Activated carbon is required to store methane. Without activated carbon, methane is
self-combustible, making it practically of no use.
Today, refined liquid methane is used as a rocket fuel, when combined with liquid
oxygen.
23. Gasoline (15-30%)
It is obtained by the fractional distillation of crude oil between 40C and 205C, of its
boiling range.
Contains alkanes of size 5 to 10 carbon atoms.
Contains both straight and branched chains.
Used for vehicle engines. This is also referred to as petrol. It is a transparent liquid that
is obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil.
It is widely and highly used across the globe that its price has also soared and is
continuously changing because of high and consistent demand.
24. Kerosene (10-15%)
It is obtained by the fractional distillation of crude oil between 150C and 275C, of its
boiling range.
Contains alkanes made of 11 to 12 carbons.
Used as fuel in aircraft engines.
Kerosene lamps is extremely popular though its use as diminished it is greatly and
extensively used across the globe for heating, cooking, lighting fuels and toys and a
primary fuel for modern jet engines.
Jet fuel has a layman term – ‘white petrol’. This term is used due to the color added for
domestic kerosene. Kerosene used for aircraft fuel is not colorized and a little more
refined than domestic kerosene, and therefore known as ‘white’ petrol.
25. Lubricating oils (15-20%)
It is obtained by the fractional distillation of crude oil between 300C and 370C, of its
boiling range.
Viscosity is one of the major properties for which lubricating oil is derived for. It is used
to reduce friction between surfaces and is found to have thermal and hydraulic stability
as well as low freezing point.
Lubricants contain 90 percent of base oil and 10 percent of additives. It is used for
motor oils, prevent corrosion, rusting, transfer heat and transfer power.
26. Paraffin wax (5-10%)
It is obtained by the fractional distillation of crude oil greater than 370C, of its boiling
range.
Paraffin wax is solid and waxy in nature and is also used as a lubricant.
It is mostly kept as solid at room temperature.
Paraffin is used in making waxing material such as seals, crayons, waxing surfboards,
floors, candle making and cosmetics such as Vaseline etc.
27. Diesel (15-20%)
It is obtained by the fractional distillation of crude oil between 250C and 350C, of its
boiling range.
Used as fuel for industrial boiler, heavy types of machinery etc.
Diesel is primarily used for powering automobile, truck, bus and railway engines.
It is also used in gas turbines and external combustion engine.
28. Residue (40-50%)
A Viscous mixture of hydrocarbons, high melting point.
It is used for fuel for furnaces of power stations or large ships.
It can be further fractioned to produce lubricating oils, waxes, and bitumen which is
used to make roads.
29. Concept of commercial use
The lighter fractions obtained burn more easily than heavier ones, heavier fractions
are more difficult to burn. Therefore, lighter hydrocarbons have higher demand. But in
reality, almost half of the fractions produced are heavy ones.
This is where cracking comes into play. Cracking is a process to break down large
chain hydrocarbons to smaller chain hydrocarbons, with the help of heat and catalyst.
The cracking process produces a mixture of alkanes and alkenes.
The larger fraction of hydrocarbon is converted to gas by heating, then passed over a
catalyst of mixed silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide at about 600-700◦C. If catalysts
are not used, then higher temperature is needed.
Cracking is a random process, so the smaller fractions produced during cracking might
not be the same and the produce is not as pure. But cracking helps in getting a better
yield of higher quality fractions.
30. How do fuels work?
While learning about the commercial uses of different fractions of crude oil, it is also
imperative to learn how it is able to keep engines running.
When an engine in a car is running, the pistons move up and down. This up and down
movement of piston provides power to the engine. Fuel keeps these pistons moving up
and down. A small explosion occurs inside each piston when the fuel inside each
piston is artificially ignited by the spark plug at the right time. When the piston is
moving down, the content inside gets hot due to compression. It gets so hot that it self-
ignites. The heat reverses the piston’s movement and pushes it upward once again.
This cycle continues and keeps the engine working.
How Car Engine Works | Autotechlabs - YouTube
Uses Of Crude Oil | Hydrocarbons | GCSE Chemistry (9-1) | kayscience.com -
YouTube
32. Forensic significance of petroleum
products
Petroleum products are commercially sold as fuel, lubricants and bitumen etc. These
commercially available petroleum products are commonly used by anti-social elements
to cause damage. Fire, country-made explosives etc. are made using these
commercially available petroleum products.
When they are used for these purposes, it becomes a crime. These crimes are
scientifically proved by examining the nature of petroleum product used. We will learn
some of the cases in which we encounter traces of petroleum products in the forensic
exhibits.
33. Arson & fire accident cases
Arson is intentional setting of fire.
Fire needs air, fuel and heat to continue burning.
In certain instances a person intentionally adds fuel and causes fire. It may be a
revenge crime, jealousy crime or even a person who is addicted to seeing things burn
(pyromania).
In such cases a crime is registered and investigated. Fuel is a volatile substance which
has a less boiling point and therefore is able to keep the temperature high by repeated
burning. Therefore in a case of fire, the volatile fuel gets used up easily. Due to this
only traces of fuel may be left behind in fire cases.
34. Country-made explosives
The easiest form of country-made explosive is the petrol bomb (also known as
Molotov’s cocktail).
Due to its ease of preparation and use it is regularly used by criminals, protesters,
rioters, urban guerrillas, terrorists, irregular soldiers, or even regular soldiers short on
equivalent military-issue weapons.
The basic constituents of a petrol bomb include a breakable glass bottle filled with
petrol (or any equivalent fuel) and a wick. The wick is lit and the bottle hurled at a
target. When the bottle smashes on impact, the ensuing cloud of fuel droplets and
vapour is ignited by the attached wick, causing an immediate fireball followed by
spreading flames as the remainder of the fuel is consumed.
This causes maximum damage with minimal preparation and expertise. Here again,
fuel is found in trace amount during investigation.
Molotov Cocktail in Slow Motion - The Slow Mo Guys - YouTube
35. Miscellaneous
While these are the common examples of having trace amounts of petroleum
products, there could be others like fire accidents, household domestic gas cylinder
burst, vehicular fires, self-immolation etc. where we encounter trace amounts of
petroleum products in our evidences.
36. Adulteration
In India, adulteration of fuel is very booming, due to different price of product with
similar concentrations. The dealers of fuel do this adulteration in order to make
extreme profit from product ignoring the damages to vehicles and harmful effects to life
of humans. For example, when adulteration of kerosene takes place with petrol it can
be very hazardous as it can be highly inflammable. The main effect of fuel adulteration
is on vehicle that uses such adulterated fuel. This causes increase cases of tail-pipe
emission and hence causes engine knock.
The frequent blending of lubricant into kerosene, kerosene into petrol/ diesel and
lubricant into diesel are very common type of petroleum adulteration.
37. Collection of evidence
When trace amounts of fuel / petroleum products are found in forensic evidences, the
major error could happen at the time of collection.
Due to the highly volatile nature of the petroleum products and fuel, care must be
taken to collect and preserve the evidences right from the time of collection.
Several instances have been recorded where erroneous collection has led to deficient
proof in cases.
When trace of fuel is suspected in a fire case, it is imperative to collect the burnt debris
immediately. The time elapsing between the fire and collection would be damaging to
its evidentiary value. Therefore priority must be given to collect the debris immediately
in such cases.
38. Collection of evidence
Collection is done using metal spatulas or scoops with gloved hands. Plastic scoops
must not be used. Collection should include different portions of the burnt debris found
in the scene, from different spots in the scene of crime. The collected debris must be
collected in metal containers with air-tight lid. The debris must not exceed 3/4th of the
volume of the container, to enable headspace collection of volatile fuel.
The collected burnt debris must be transported to the laboratory in the air-tight metal
container, wrapped in a cardboard box. The burnt debris are then transferred to
smaller aliquots and tested. The headspace gas accumulated in the top of the
container, is also analyzed for the volatile gas composition of the container.
42. Collection of evidence
Collection of debris must be done from atleast 5 points in the entire scene.
Ensure to collect debris from the maximum damaged point.
45. Analysis of petroleum products
When we speak of petroleum products that we encounter as evidence in cases, the
major number of them are either petrol, kerosene and diesel.
LPG, bitumen, lubricants are not commonly seen as evidences – both in adulteration
cases and criminal cases.
46. Analysis of petroleum products
The following panel of tests are performed for petroleum products n the Forensic
Science Laboratory.
Density
Color
Flashpoint
Boiling point
TLC
Filter paper test
UV light examination
Cetane number
Octane number
Viscosity test
47. Density
Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume.
It is measured as kg/litre.
It can be estimated using a hydrometer, specific gravity bottles or by simple
measurement techniques.
48. Density
Hydrometer makes use of the principles of buoyancy.
It uses a bulb filled with lead or mercury and is made to float in the test liquid. Based
on its floatation, the calibrations on the hydrometer reads out the density.
49. Density
A specific gravity bottle makes use of a bottle which is if a particular weight. The test
sample is poured into it to make up a certain volume. The weight is measured and the
density is calculated.
50. Density
A certain volume of liquid can be weighed on a chemical balance. The same is its
density.
51. Density
Density of petrol - 710-770 kg/m3 at 15 C
Density of diesel – 820 – 870 kg/m3 at 15 C
Density of kerosene – 780 – 820 kg/m3 at 15 C
52. Color
Color of a petroleum product is coded using dyes in countries like India,
This is to prevent smuggling and adulteration of public distribution system fuel under
the government subsidy schemes.
53. Color
Petrol is dyes using an orange dye (Phenyl azo 2- naphthol)
Diesel is dyed using a yellow dye (Cresol yellow)
Kerosene is dyed using a blue dye (Di-alkyl amino anthraquinone).
54. Color
In cases of adulteration, the color is diluted and can be identified by naked eye itself.
In the FSL, colorimetry is done using lights of particular wavelength for each fuel.
For petrol, 475nm.
For diesel, 430nm.
For kerosene, 600nm.
Absorbance reduction can mean adulteration. A control is used for comparison.
55. Flashpoint
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which its vapours
ignite if given an ignition source.
We know that fuel burns at low temperatures.
But flashpoint takes account of the vapors that are produced from volatile fuels.
The temperature at which the vapors get ignited varies between different fuels.
The estimation is done using a flashpoint apparatus.
57. Flashpoint
Flashpoint for petrol is <21C
Flashpoint for diesel is 35-40C
Flashpoint for kerosene is 37-65C
58. Boiling point
Fractional distillation of petroleum product samples is done in the forensic science
laboratory.
59. Boiling point
Boiling point of petrol is 25-75C
Boiling point of diesel is 250-350C
Boiling point of kerosene is 190-250C
60. Thin Layer Chromatography
Solvent System (Hexane: Toluene: Acetic Acid [ 50 : 50 : 2])
Petrol - Pink & Orange colour spots with Rf Value around 0.49 & 0.51
Diesel – Violet spots with Rf value around 0.62
Kerosene - Blue colour spots with Rf around 0.4
61. Filter paper test
Filter Paper Test (Place two drops of fuel on a filter paper)
Check for the residue left behind for different samples
Petrol vanishes without leaving any residue trace
Diesel leaves a dirty yellow patch
Kerosene leaves a blue patch
62. UV examination
On the same filter paper used for the previous test, UV light is exposed.
Dyes are sprayed to enhance visualization
Petrol produces brick red fluorescence using chloranil spray; greenish blue/violet
fluorescence using rhodamine spray.
Diesel gives a green/yellow fluoresence without any dye
Kerosene gives a blue fluorescence without any dye.
63. Cetane number
Cetane rating, also known as cetane number is a measurement of the quality or
performance of fuel in the engine.
Usually diesel engines are rated with cetane rating.
But all fuels have a cetane number.
The higher the cetane number, it means that it burns better in th eengine.
Cetane rating is nothing but efficiency of fuel burning when compared to cetane.
Cetane is given a cetane rating of 100. Diesel's cetane rating for commercial vehicles
ranges from 41-50.
64. Cetane number
Cetane rating is done using a Ignition quality tester (IQT). This is a costly equipment.
Therefore in FSLs we use a fuel ignition tester. The fuel ignition tester has a injection
port and a combustion chamber. Pressure is given to the combustion chamber using
pressurised gas and the fuel is ignited. The temperature is document3wed.
Control for this equipment is cetane.
66. Cetane number
Petrol has a cetane number of 5 - 20.
Deisel has a cetane number of 40 - 55.
Kerosene does not have a cetane number.
67. Octane number
Octane rating or octane number is the measurement of efficiency of the fuel.
Octane number is commercially documented in gasoline.
But other fuels also have a octane number.
The octane rating of a fuel is done based on ratios of 2 compounds - iso-octane and
heptane.
iso-octane's rating is considered to be 100 and heptane as 0.
The higher the octane number of the fuel, the more the compression of piston it can
withstand and better efficiency it has on the engine.
68. Octane number
Petrol has a higher octane rating than diesel.
There are many ways of commercially testing octane rating of a fuel – Research
Octane Number (RON), Motor Octane Number (MON) etc.
In FSL's we use the RON method of estimation.
There are portable RONs presently which can work as a mini-engine and give out a
reading.
70. Octane number
Petrol has a octane number of 90 – 92.
Deisel has a octane number of 40 -55.
Kerosene does not have a octane number.
71. Viscosity test
The Viscosity is the property of its resistance to flow.
Different units of viscosity are in use, based on a number of seconds taken for a
specific and measured quantity of oil to flow in a standard apparatus (Canon Penske
Viscometer) at a fixed temperature.
All three fuels have similar viscosity.
But when adulteration happens there is a marked difference form control and test.
72. Viscosity test
Viscometer or rheometer are used to estimate viscosity.
The fluid is allowed to move through the probe in these instruments.
The flow is viscous in nature.
The probes identify and read out the viscosity.
74. HPLC
Quantity of injection: 10ml of Petrol (P), Kerosene (K) and various (P: K) admixtures
(liquid) samples each separately diluted 100 times with methanol.
Mobile phase: Isocratic solvent system of acetonitrile: water (8:2)
Flow rate: 1ml / min at ambient temperature UV detection at 275nm, 285nm and
220nm.
Specific peaks at Rt 4.9, 6.2 and 8.0 +0.1 min were observed for naphthalene, 1-
methyl naphthalene and 2,6 dimethyl naphthalene.
75. GC
Carrier gas: Nitrogen
Flow rate: 10 mL/min
Fuel gas: Hydrogen
Flow rate: 25 mL/min
Air Flow rate: 250 mL/min
Injector Temperature: 280°C
Detector Temperature: FID Detector 300°C
Oven Temperature: 40°C Hold 2 minute
Retention time of 5.4, 7.8 and 9.5 min were observed for naphthalene, 1-methyl
naphthalene and 2,6 dimethyl naphthalene.
76. Tests for petroleum products
Property Petrol Diesel Kerosene
Density 710-770 kg/m3 at 15
C
820 – 870 kg/m3 at 15
C
781 – 820 kg/cm3 at
15 C
Colour (it varies from
place to place)
orange dye (Phenyl
azo 2- naphthol)
Yellow Colourless (Regular
Blue dyed (Di-alkyl
amino anthraquinone)
Kerosene for Public
Distribution Supply)
{PDS}
Flash Point < -21 C 35 – 40 C 37 – 65 C
Boiling Point 25 – 75 C 250 – 350 C 190 – 250 C
Thin Layer
Chromatography
Solvent System
(Hexane: Toluene:
Acetic Acid [ 50 : 50 :
2])
Pink or Orange colour
Rf Value 0.49 & 0.51
Violet Blue colour spot at Rf
around 0.4
77. Tests for petroleum products
Property Petrol Diesel Kerosene
Filter Paper Test
(Place two drops of
fuel on a filter paper)
Vanish without leaving
any trace behind
Leaves a dirty yellow
Patch
Leaves a blue patch
Ultra Violet Lamp Chloranil spray
reagent: brick red.
Rhodamine Spray
reagent: Greenish
blue / violet coloured
Green/Yellow Blue colour
Cetane Number 5 – 20 40 – 55 N/A
Octane Number 90 – 92 15 – 25 N/A
Viscosity Test The Viscosity is the property of its resistance to flow. Different units
of viscosity are in use, based on a number of seconds taken for a
specific and measured quantity of oil to flow in a standard apparatus
(Canon Penske Viscometer) at a fixed temperature. All three fuels
have similar viscosity.
78. Adulteration
Adulteration by definition is the action of making something poorer in quality by the
addition of another substance.
For example, mix up kerosene with diesel and you end up having adulterated diesel /
kerosene.
Why do people adulterate substance?
Mostly for commercial gain. They may also do it to enhance performance of the
substance at times.
What is wrong with adulteration?
It sets a unfair competition; It may also end up hurting the purpose for which a product
may be purchased for.
79. Adulteration
In India, adulteration of fuel is very booming, due to different price of product with
similar concentrations.
The dealers of fuel do this adulteration in order to make extreme profit from product,
ignoring the damages to vehicles and harmful effects to life of humans.
For example, when adulteration of kerosene takes place with petrol it can be very
hazardous as it can be highly inflammable. The main effect of fuel adulteration is on
vehicle that uses such adulterated fuel. This causes increase cases of tail-pipe
emission and hence causes engine knock.
The frequent blending of lubricant into kerosene, kerosene into petrol/ diesel and
lubricant into diesel are very common type of petroleum adulteration.
80. Adulteration
S No Petroleum product Common Adulterant
1 Petrol Naphtha / Diesel / Kerosene
2 Food grade oil Hexane
3 Kerosene (Commercial) Resol
4 Kerosene (PDS) Rafinate / Slop
5 Diesel Pentane / Kerosene
6 Gasoline Oxygenating agents
81. Adulteration
The Legal perspective of adulteration in India
As per “The Motor Spirit and High Speed Diesel” (Prevention Of Malpractices In
Supply And Distribution) order 1993 by Section 3 of Essential Commodities Act (E.C.
Act), adulteration is the illegal addition of any foreign substance into motor Gasoline /
high speed diesel.
The person involved in malpractices of adulteration can be penalized under the
Essential Commodities Act or under section 420 IPC and also under Petroleum Act
1934, unlawful possession, breach of contract, pilferage, etc.,
All Central/States/UTs Forensic Science Laboratories are authorized under Schedule
III of Clause 8(5) of EC Act 1955 for testing of Petroleum Product Samples.
82. Adulteration
The prescribed standard of petroleum products in India
The Indian Standard Specification for Motor Gasoline / Petrol i.e. IS 2796/2000
Kerosene IS 1459/1974 (reaffirmed in 1991) and Diesel IS 1460/2000 are used to
check the various technical parameters in compliance with quality control & assurance.
The standards are also used as reference for checking the adulteration in petroleum
products by various Central/State Forensic Science Laboratories and National Test
House of India.
83. Adulteration
Six samples of 1 litre each must be collected
for forensic detection of adulteration.
The collected fuel must be collected in glass
bottles with lid. The lid must be sealed to
ensure chain of custody.
