Power-point presentation prof. Simon Marginson (University of Melbourne), Bath, 17 September 2012

1. DBA 10th Anniversary Conference, University of Bath:
Disruptive Change and Innovation in Higher Education
Globalization and
higher education:
Taking stock
Simon Marginson
Centre for the Study of Higher Education
University of Melbourne

2. Taking stock
• Early (c. 1990) expectations of globalization
• How it has worked out
• New spatiality in higher education
• Rise and rise of North East Asia/Singapore
• Concluding thoughts

3. Early (c. 1990) expectations
of globalization

4. Globalization: ‘the widening, deepening and speeding
up of all forms of world-wide interconnectedness’
- David Held and colleagues, Global Transformations 1999, p. 2

5. Neo-liberal expectations of globalization
Weakened national sovereignty and national regulation
Integrated world-markets, removal of trade barriers
One Anglo-American political culture
Reduced global poverty, advancing prosperity all-round
In higher education: WTO-GATS agenda in national
systems, global market in student places, e-Universities

6. Arjun Appadurai’s expectations *
Globalization as extended and intensified modernization
Globalization manifest in distinctive ‘scapes’—
financescapes, ethnoscapes, technoscapes,
mediascapes, ideoscapes—with uneveness and
disjuncture between them
Nation-state in decline and crisis
Deterritorialization of identities
* Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization (1996)

7. How it has worked out

8. A strong nation-state survives
(but cannot control cultural globalization, and is
now more globally referenced than before)

9. Economic globalization is incoherent,
incomplete, WTO-GATS falters

10. Cultural globalization has exceeded
mainstream expectations
Global English, Internet subjectivities, organizational uniformity
across the world, ideology of universal capitalism, one-world science
system, research university template, rankings, etc

12. Technologial globalization in higher
education: From e-U’s to MOOCS

13. A new spatiality in higher education
• One (imagined) university world with universal ranking
• Spread of capacity in higher education and research to a
growing number of countries
• Regionalisation as a response to globalisation
• Rise of East Asia and, to an extent, rise of Latin America
• Global projects in national systems and institutions:
Partnerships, consortia, hubs, education theme-parks,
knowledge cities, cross-border campuses, etc

14. Countries with 1000+ science papers p.a.
US National Science Foundation data for 2009
ANGLO- EUROPE EUROPE ASIA LATIN
SPHERE EU NATIONS NON-EU AMERICA
Australia Austria Italy Croatia China Argentina
Canada Belgium Netherlands Norway India Brazil
N. Zealand Czech Rep. Poland Russia Japan Chile
UK Denmark Portugal Serbia Malaysia Mexico
USA Finland Rumania Switzerland Pakistan
France Slovakia Turkey Singapore M.EAST /AF
Germany Sweden Ukraine South Korea Egypt
Greece Spain Taiwan Iran
Hungary Sweden Thailand Israel
Ireland Sth. Africa
Tunisia

15. R&D investment by world region 2009
Region Investment in R&D
(US National Science Foundation data)
North America $433 billion (33.9% of world total)
East, SE & South Asia $402 billion (31.5%)
Europe $319 billion (25.0%)
Middle East & Africa $35 billion (2.7%)
South & Central America $32 billion (2.5%)
Australia & Pacific $22 billion (1.8%)

16. Rise of North East Asia and Singapore

18. Asian middle class to 2030 (millions)
Source: European Union Institute for Strategic Studies
Middle class is defined as persons living on USD $10-100 per day PPP

19. Gross National Income per head 2010
World Bank, CIA Fact Book for Taiwan data only
Country/system Population GNI PPP per year
(millions) (USD $s)
Singapore 5.1 55,790
Hong Kong SAR 7.1 47,480
Macau SAR (GNI 2009) 0.5 45,220
Taiwan (population 2012) 23.2 35,700
Japan 127.5 34,640
South Korea 48.7 29,010
China (mainland only) 1338.3 7640
Vietnam 86.2 3070
India 1224.6 3550

20. Top ten school systems OECD PISA 2009
(mean student scores, Post –Confucian education systems in red)
Reading Mathematics Science
Shanghai China 556 Shanghai China 600 Shanghai China 575
South Korea 539 Singapore 562 Finland 554
Finland 536 Hong Kong 555 Hong Kong 549
Hong Kong 533 South Korea 546 Singapore 542
Singapore 526 Taiwan China 543 Japan 539
Canada 524 Finland 541 South Korea 538
New Zealand 521 Liechtenstein 536 New Zealand 532
Japan 520 Switzerland 534 Canada 529
Australia 515 Japan 529 Estonia 528
Netherlands 508 Canada 527 Australia 527
Australia 15th 514
UK equal 25th 424 UK 28th 492 UK 16th 514
USA equal 15th 500 USA equal 31st 487 USA 23rd 502

21. Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio, 2010
UNESCO Institute for Statistics & Taiwan Ministry of Education

22. Growth of science papers, 1995-2009
(1995 = 1.00)
US National Science Foundation

23. Research papers per year, 1995-2009
China, Japan, India & Korea
US National Science Foundation data

24. Research papers per year, 1995-2009
Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Thailand
US National Science Foundation data

25. Science papers in global journals,
East, SE and South Asia, 2009
US National Science Foundation
UK 45,649
China inc SARs 74,019
Japan 49,627
South Korea 22,271
India 19,917
Taiwan 14,000
Singapore 4187
Other Asia 5820
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

26. Shanghai JTU top 500 universities
Chinese systems 2005 & 2012
2005 2012
China mainland 8 28
Hong Kong SAR 5 5
Taiwan China 5 9
Total 18 42

27. High citation rate Asia Pacific universities
University / nation Number of science Proportion (%) of
papers 2005-2009 papers in top 10% in
(Leiden CWTS data) field by citation
U Cambridge UK 14,046 16.7
Hong Kong UST HONG KONG SAR 3568 14.9
Pohang U SOUTH KOREA 3264 14.1
National U Singapore SINGAPORE 11,838 13.8
Nankai U CHINA 4211 13.4
U Science & Technology CHINA 6789 13.0
ANU AUSTRALIA 5551 12.9
City U Hong Kong HONG KONG SAR 3903 12.7
Lanzhou U CHINA 3531 11.9
U Melbourne AUSTRALIA 9724 11.9
U Queensland AUSTRALIA 9088 11.8
U Hong Kong HONG KONG SAR 6820 11.5
Korea Advanced IS&T SOUTH KOREA 5319 11.4

28. ‘Quantity of quality’ in science papers
number of papers in top 10% in their field by cite rate, 2005-2009
University / nation Number of top 10% papers world
2005-2009 (Leiden) rank
U Cambridge UK 2351 12
U Tokyo JAPAN 1873 23
National U Singapore SINGAPORE 1635 31
Kyoto U JAPAN 1424 39
Tsinghua U CHINA 1242 47
Zhejiang U CHINA 1188 50
U Melbourne AUSTRALIA 1159 53
Seoul National U KOREA 1158 54
U Queensland AUSTRALIA 1074 62
U Sydney AUSTRALIA 1026 68
National Taiwan U TAIWAN 1000 72
Osaka U JAPAN 993 73
Peking U CHINA 953 79

29. Relative research quality
World share of research papers/
highly cited papers, 2010
US National Science Foundation
United China Japan Asia-8*
States
Share of world 27.8% 7.5% 7.0% 7.4%
science papers
Share of top 1% 48.9% 3.6% 4.3% 2.7%
most highly cited
papers
* Asia-8 countries are the significant research producers South Korea, India, Taiwan,
Singapore and Thailand plus Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines

30. The patterns vary by discipline
World share of highly cited papers, 2010
US National Science Foundation
Share of top 1% USA China Japan Asia-8
most highly
cited papers
Engineering 38.5% 12.3% 4.7% 8.5%
Chemistry 34.2% 10.6% 6.7% 6.0%
Mathematics 40.7% 8.7% 2.1% 3.4%

31. Rapid improvement in China and Asia-8
Share of world’s top 1% most cited papers,
Chemistry, 2000 & 2010
US National Science Foundation
share of top 1% USA China Japan Asia-8
papers in
Chemistry
2000 48.6% 0.6% 9.3% 1.5%
2010 34.2% 10.6% 6.7% 6.0%

32. Science papers per year, 1995-2009
five Latin American nations
US National Science Foundation data

33. Concluding thoughts

34. Neo-liberal expectations of globalization
Weakened national sovereignty and NOT REALLY
national regulation
Integrated world-markets, removal of INTEGRATION HAS
trade barriers FALTERED: CRISIS
One Anglo-American political culture NO WAY
(IN YOUR DREAMS, GWB)
Reduced global poverty, advancing STAGNATION, GROWING
prosperity all-round INEQUALITY
In higher education: WTO-GATS agenda WTO-GATS FAILED, BUT
in national systems, global market in GROWTH OF TRADE.
E-U’S FAILED
student places, e-Universities

35. Arjun Appadurai’s expectations (1992)
Globalization as extended and CORRECT CALL
intensified modernization
Globalization manifest in distinctive YES, MEDIASCAPES AND
‘scapes’—financescapes, ethnoscapes, TECHNOSCAPES ARE
MORE ADVANCED THAN
technoscapes, mediascapes, THE OTHERS
ideoscapes—with uneveness and
disjuncture between them
Nation-state in decline and crisis WRONG CALL
Deterritorialization of identities BOTH GLOBAL AND
LOCATED IDENTITIES

36. More than one modernity
Convergent capitalist political economies and the growth of
global science are not ‘one thing’. They are articulated
through several distinctive political-cultural configurations

37. ‘For 300 years, all of humanity has certainly become more
closely linked to one another through colonialism, unequal
trade and technological development. Yet a common path
hardly exists between the colonizer and the
colonized, between Africa and the US, or between China
and the European powers.’
- Wang Hui, The End of the Revolution: China and the limits of
modernity, 2009, p. 85.

38. Failure to evolve global governance,
neglect of global public good

39. The research university form has
never looked stronger than it is right
now, but it could become debundled

40. http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff_pages/Marginson/Marginson.html
Cambridge
UP, Cambridge, May
2010
Springer, Dordrecht,
September 2011
Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, Routledge, New York,
September 2011 August 2011