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Personality ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Personality ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Personality ,[object Object],Each dwarf has a distinct personality.

Psychodynamic Perspective ,[object Object],Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Culver Pictures

Exploring the Unconscious ,[object Object],http://www.english.upenn.edu

Dream Analysis ,[object Object],The Nightmare , Henry Fuseli (1791)

Psychoanalysis ,[object Object]

Model of Mind The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories.

Personality Structure ,[object Object]

Id, Ego and Superego ,[object Object],The ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego. The superego provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Personality Development ,[object Object]

Psychosexual Stages Freud divided the development of personality into five psychosexual stages.

Oedipus Complex ,[object Object]

Identification ,[object Object],From the K. Vandervelde private collection

Defense Mechanisms ,[object Object],1. Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. 2. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage.

Defense Mechanisms 3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex. 4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Defense Mechanisms 5. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. 6. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

The Neo-Freudians ,[object Object],Carl Jung (1875-1961) Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron

The Neo-Freudians ,[object Object],Alfred Adler (1870-1937) National Library of Medicine

The Neo-Freudians ,[object Object],Karen Horney (1885-1952) The Bettmann Archive/ Corbis

Assessing Unconscious Processes ,[object Object]

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) ,[object Object],Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

Rorschach Inkblot Test ,[object Object],Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

Projective Tests: Criticisms ,[object Object],[object Object],2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Modern Research

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective ,[object Object],The majority of children, death camp survivors, and battle-scarred veterans are unable to repress painful experiences into their unconscious mind.

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective ,[object Object]

Humanistic Perspective ,[object Object],Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Carl Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.ship.edu

Self-Actualizing Person ,[object Object],http://www.ship.edu Ted Polumbaum/ Time Pix/ Getty Images

Growth and Fulfillment ,[object Object],Michael Rougier/ Life Magazine © Time Warner, Inc.

Assessing the Self ,[object Object],In an effort to assess personality, Rogers asked people to describe themselves as they would like to be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). If the two descriptions were close the individual had a positive self-concept.

Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Trait Perspective ,[object Object],Allport & Odbert (1936), identified 18,000 words representing traits. Honest Dependable Moody Impulsive Examples of Traits

Personality Type ,[object Object],Feeling Type Personality Sympathetic Appreciative Tactful

Exploring Traits ,[object Object],[object Object],Raymond Cattell (1905-1998)

Factor Analysis Cattell found that large groups of traits could be reduced down to 16 core personality traits based on statistical correlations. Impulsive Excitement Impatient Irritable Boisterous Basic trait Superficial traits

Personality Dimensions ,[object Object]

Assessing Traits ,[object Object]

MMPI ,[object Object],The MMPI was developed by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminated between diagnostic groups.

The Big Five Factors ,[object Object],Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion

Questions about the Big Five Yes. Conscientious people are morning type and extraverted are evening type. 4. Can they predict other personal attributes? These traits are common across cultures. 3. How about other cultures? Fifty percent or so for each trait. 2. How heritable are they? Quite stable in adulthood. However, they change over development. 1. How stable are these traits?

Evaluating the Trait Perspective ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Person-Situation Controversy ,[object Object]

The Person-Situation Controversy ,[object Object],Samuel Gosling John Langford Photography

Consistency of Expressive Style ,[object Object],Observers are able to judge people’s behavior and feelings in as little as 30 seconds and in one particular case as little as 2 seconds.

Social-Cognitive Perspective ,[object Object],Albert Bandura

[object Object],Reciprocal Influences The three factors, behavior, cognition, and environment , are interlocking determinants of each other. Stephen Wade/ Allsport/ Getty Images

Individuals & Environments ,[object Object],How we view and treat people influences how they treat us. Our personalities shape situations. Anxious people react to situations differently than calm people. Our personalities shape how we react to events. The school you attend and the music you listen to are partly based on your dispositions. Different people choose different environments.

Personal Control ,[object Object],Internal locus of control refers to the perception that we can control our own fate. Social-cognitive psychologists emphasize our sense of personal control , whether we control the environment or the environment controls us.

Learned Helplessness ,[object Object]

Optimism vs. Pessimism ,[object Object],Positive psychology aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

Assessing Behavior in Situations ,[object Object]

Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective ,[object Object]

Positive Psychology and Humanistic Psychology ,[object Object],Martin Seligman Courtesy of Martin E.P. Seligman, PhD Director, Positive Psychology Center/ University of Pennsylvania

Exploring the Self ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Benefits of Self-Esteem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Culture & Self-Esteem ,[object Object]

Self-Serving Bias ,[object Object]

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