1. Warm up – On the handout provided fill in each of the structures.
14 1
13
12 2
3
11
10
9
7
8
4
6
5
1

2. Neuron Structure
2

3. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines
to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Modified by Mrs. Fiser
Shier  Butler  Lewis
Chapter 10 Fat Book
Chapter 9 Skinny Book
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3

4. Chapter 9
Nervous System I
Cell Types of Neural Tissue
• neurons
• neuroglial cells
4

5. Divisions of the
Nervous System
• Central Nervous System
• brain
• spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System
• nerves
• cranial nerves
• spinal nerves
5

6. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous
System
Sensory Division
• picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS
Motor Division
• carries information to muscles and glands
Divisions of the Motor Division
• Somatic – carries information to skeletal muscle
• Autonomic – carries information to smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, and glands
6

7. Divisions Nervous System
7

8. 8

9. Functions of Nervous System
Sensory Function
• sensory receptors gather
information
• information is carried to the Motor Function
CNS • decisions are acted
upon
Integrative Function • impulses are
• sensory information used to carried to effectors
create
• sensations
• memory
• thoughts
• decisions
9

10. Neuron Structure
10

11. Myelination of Axons
White Matter
• contains myelinated
axons
Gray Matter
• contains
unmyelinated
structures
• cell bodies, dendrites
11

12. Classification of Neurons –
Structural Differences
Bipolar
• two processes
• eyes, ears, nose
Unipolar
• one process
• ganglia
Multipolar
• many processes
• most neurons of
CNS 12

13. Classification of Neurons – Functional
Differences
Sensory Neurons
• afferent
• carry impulse to CNS
• most are unipolar
• some are bipolar
Interneurons
• link neurons
• multipolar
• in CNS
Motor Neurons
• multipolar
• carry impulses away
from CNS
• carry impulses to
effectors 13

14. Types of Neuroglial Cells
in the PNS
Schwann Cells
• produce myelin found on peripheral
myelinated neurons
• speed neurotransmission
Satellite Cells
• support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia)
14

15. Types of Neuroglial Cells
in the CNS
Astrocytes
• CNS
• scar tissue
• mop up excess ions, etc
• induce synapse formation
• connect neurons to blood
vessels
Oligodendrocytes Ependyma
• CNS • CNS
• myelinating cell • ciliated
Microglia • line central canal of spinal
• CNS cord
• phagocytic cell • line ventricles of brain 15

16. Types of Neuroglial Cells
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/c
ells.html
16

17. Astrocytes
17

18. Oligodendrocytes
18

19. Microglial Cells
19

20. Ependymal Cells
20

21. CNS Neuroglial Cells
Sketch Structure:
Microglial Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal
Function:
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
21
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________

22. PNS Neuroglial Cells
Sketch Structure:
Schwann
Function:
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________
22
________________ ________________ _________________ _______________

23. NEUROGLIAL CELL ADVERTISEMENT
You are an ad executive for a major marketing firm. You must create
a billboard that will “sell” the type of neuroglial cell that you have been
assigned. Your “billboard” will be constructed on a piece of poster
board. It must include the following information about your neuroglial
cell: name, part of nervous system to which it belongs, its “importance”
or what it does, and an illustration. All of this information must be
presented within the context of an advertising theme.
Your project will be scored according as follows:
CONTENT (50 POINTS)
•Name of neuroglial cell
•Part of nervous system to which it belongs
•Importance/function
•Description/illustration
CREATIVITY (30 POINTS) (unique, slogan, artwork)
NEATNESS (10 POINTS)
TEAMWORK (10 POINTS)
23

24. Schwann
Oliogodendrocyte
Microglial
Astrocytes
Ependymal
24

25. The Synapse
Nerve impulses pass
from neuron to
neuron at synapses
25

26. Synaptic Transmission
Neurotransmitters are
released when impulse
reaches synaptic knob
26

27. Resting Membrane Potential
• inside is negative
relative to the outside
• polarized membrane
• due to distribution of
ions
• Na+/K+ pump
27

28. Local Potential Changes
28

29. Action Potentials
• at rest membrane is
polarized
• threshold stimulus
reached
• sodium channels
open and membrane
depolarizes
• potassium leaves
cytoplasm and
membrane repolarizes
29

30. Action Potentials
30

31. Action Potentials
31

32. Animations
• http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter
45/animations.html
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actio
np.html
32

33. All-or-None Response
• if a neuron responds at all, it responds completely
• a nerve impulse is conducted whenever a stimulus of
threshold intensity or above is applied to an axon
• all impulses carried on an axon are the same strength
33

34. Impulse Conduction
34

35. Neurotransmitters
35

36. Neurotransmitters
36

37. Impulse Processing
• way the NS processes nerve impulses and acts upon them
•Neuronal Pools
•Convergence
•Divergence
37

38. Neuronal Pools
•groups of interneurons that make synaptic connections
with each other
• interneurons work together to perform a common
function
• each pool receives input from other neurons
• each pool generates output to other neurons
38

39. Convergence
• neuron receives input from
several neurons
• incoming impulses represent
information from different
types of sensory receptors
• allows nervous system to
collect, process, and respond to
information
• makes it possible for a neuron
to sum impulses from different
sources 39

40. Divergence
• one neuron sends
impulses to several
neurons
• can amplify an
impulse
• impulse from a single
neuron in CNS may be
amplified to activate
enough motor units
needed for muscle
contraction
40

41. Clinical Application
Drug Addiction
• occurs because of the complex interaction of neurons,
drugs, and individual behaviors
• understanding how neurotransmitters fit receptors
can help explain the actions of certain drugs
• drugs have different mechanisms of action
• several questions remain about the biological effects
of addiction, such as why some individuals become
addicted and others do not
•http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/
mouse.html
41