1. Jennifer Enghauser Chapter 4 Presentation Professor Abdullah Medical Terminology September 15th, 2011 Musculoskeletal System:Fractures

2. There are many different types of fractures. I have chosen to report on the following four types: Simple Compound Greenstick Spiral Introduction

3. A simple or closed fracture is a fracture that causes little or no damage to the surround soft tissue. It does not penetrate the skin. It is an uncomplicated break and typically easier to treat than some of the more complicated types of fractures that I will report on this presenation. Simple Fracture

4. Simple Fracture (continued) Note the simple break in this image that doesn’t penetrate the skin

5. A compound or open fracture is a broken bone that penetrates the skin. This is an important distinction because when a broken bone penetrates the skin there is a need for immediate treatment, and an operation is often required to clean the area of the fracture. Furthermore, because of the risk of infection, there are more often problems associated with healing when a fracture is open to the skin. Open fractures are typically caused by high-energy injuries such as car crashes, falls, or sports injuries. Compound Fracture

6. Compound Fracture (continued) In the compound fracture the bone often breaks the skin.

7. This type of fracture is a fracture in a young, soft bone where the bone bends and so only partially breaks. This is very common in young children and infants because of their soft, developing bones. It resembles the breaking of a green tree branch, that’s where it gets its name. In these fractures, the ends of the fractured bone are less likely to displace because part of the bone is still intact. Greenstick Fracture

8. Greenstick Fracture (continued) Note that only part of the bone is broken and the other side is still intact. This is due to the soft bones in youthful people. As we age, our bones harden and become more brittle.

9. A spiral fracture is a type of bone fracture which is caused by a twisting force. It can be difficult to treat because it is a helical break This type of fracture is often called a torsion fracture because of the force required to create it. This type of fracture has also become famous as a warning sign of child abuse, because of the twisting motion necessary – which would mean that grabbing or twisting of the arm or leg of a child. When doctors see a spiral fracture in a child, it can send off warning signals. Spiral Fracture

10. Spiral Fracture (continued) Note the opposing forces (shown by arrows) used in the image to create the helical break. The bone is twisted in two different directions and cause this type of break.