An introduction to Sociology.

3. Sociology
• Auguste Comte coined the
term ‘sociology’ in 1839
• Socious –companion and
logus –science
science of society and social
interactions taking place

4. Characteristics
• Sociology is…
neutral –how men behave
a study of human social life –human
interactions
a science –factual basis

5. Significance
• know one’s role in the group
• understand man’s
weaknesses
• promote world
peace

6. Conditions in generalization:
Don’t apply generalization to
all individual.
Be factual.
Be fair-minded and truthful.

7. Subdivisions
•Communication and Public Opinion
•Criminology
•Demography
•The Family
•Industrial Sociology
•Medical Sociology
•Methodology as Social Research
•Occupational Sociology
•Political Sociology
•Race and Ethnic Relations

8. • Rural Sociology
• Social Disorganization
• Social Psychology
• Social Stratification
• Sociology Theory
• Sociology of Arts
• Sociology of Complex Organizations
• Sociology of Education
• Sociology of Law
• Sociology of Religion
• Sociology of Small Groups

9. Social Science -group of related discipline
that studies various aspects of human
behaviour

10. Related Social Sciences
•Anthropology –importance of race
difference in culture and socialization
Physical Anthropology
Socio-cultural Anthropology
•Social Psychology - how a group influence
a person
•Economics - dependent upon government,
public opinion, family life and migration

11. • Political Science –laws are connected with
culture and social organization
• History -important for sociological
interpretation

12. Theories
Theory
set of logically interrelated parts.
Perspective(theoretical framework)
over all approach/viewpoint on
some subject.

13. Three major theoretical
perspectives
1. Functionalist
 society is stable, orderly system.
>majority of the members in the
society share common values,
beliefs and behavioral expectations.

14. 2. Conflicts
 groups in society are engaged in a
continuous struggle for control of
scarce resources.
ex: politics, negotiations, family, and
financial problems.
3. Symbolic Interactionist
focuses on a day to day
interaction and their behavior in
groups.

15. Contributors
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
-born on Southern France, from
aristocrat & conservative
family
career’s focus: developing and
promoting his theory of
positivism where in scientific
method should be applied to
the study f society.

16. Course de Philosophie Positive
( Law of three stage)
1. Theological stage(ended up until 1300)
>all natural phenomena and social
events occur due to supernatural forces
and gods/goddesses culminating
2. Metaphysical stage(1300-1800AD)
>explanations in supernatural forces were
more systematic than the gods of the
past.
3. Positivist stage(1800 onwards)
>explanations were based on science and
empirical experiments to expose the
reality.

17. Emile Durkheim (1885-1917)
>first French sociologist with a
doctors degree in sociology
from University of Paris(1892)
Social phenomena
>social fact with distinctive
social characteristics and
determinant.
Suicide
>influenced by social forces and
not the individual matter.

18. Max Weber (1864-1920)
>German economist from
University of Heidelberg
“People give in their interactions
with others.”
“Subjective methods and
quantitative methods should
be use in social actions.”

19. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
>German economist and
philosopher
Capitalism
an insatiable search from profit,
inequality, exploitation and
oppression. Human society
evolve to a more perfect state
where in there’s equality and
capitalist economic system will
be overthrown

21. introduced Sociology in the Philippines
in University of Sto. Tomas (1896)
1. Social Philosophy
2. Problem-oriented Discipline
3. Scientific Approach

22.  taught until 1950’s
 little emphasis on scientific nature of
sociology
 introduced by Serafin E. Macaraig
 government and private agencies become
aware of the importance of social facts in
decision-making process.
 Benicio T. Catapusan – collected data about
Rural Philippines for the Government which
paved away to the distribution of economic aid to
different regions.

23.  1952 - Filipino educators and visiting
professors of UP, ADMU and Siliman
University organized the Philippine
Sociological Society.
- Increase knowledge about social behaviour
- Gather data for possible solutions on social
problem
- Train teachers and researchers
- Develop cooperation and unity among
social scientists in the Philippines.

24.  formed in 1968
different disciplines of SS contribute to
the development of Philippines and
Filipinos.
 held on Nov.17-19,1983
theme: “Towards Excellence in the
Social Sciences of the Philippines”

25.  attributes link between
researchers and policy makers.
 in 1990s there’s a collaboration of SS
theories and methodologies, and various
sectors (NGOS, government, academics,
people org., women’s group)
“the role of sociologists as developing its
research capabilities at the service
information, effective delivery systems and
monitoring and evaluation of private and
government agencies.”

26. Methods
of
Sociological
Research

27. Scientific Method
Systematically planned and
objective investigations of
some questions /problems
connected to a certain
phenomena .

28. 1. Field Research
Study of social life in its natural
setting .
- Observing ( natural, contrive/fixed
and participant observation ) and
interviewing people where they live ,
work and play

29. Observation
• Natural – observe from afar to avoid
changes in natural phenomenon .
• Contrived – setting up
variables/situation to determine how
people react to it .
• Participant – observer seek insights by
taking part on whatever he’s studying

30. 2. Secondary Analysis of
Existing Data
Public records , raw data by
other researches
• Content Analysis – there’s
regular pattern / frequency .

31. 3. Survey research
 Subject respond to a
series of statements /
questions in the
questionnaire/interview

32. Closed-ended format – there’s fixed
response.
Open-ended format – free expression
of opinion.
Question –series of written
questions
Interview –series of questions
asked orally

33. 4. Experiment
Researcher studies the impact of
certain variables on subject’s
attitude/behavior.
 Based on real – life situation but
artificial.
• Experimental group – exposed to
independent variables.
• Control group – dependent variables

34. Role of
Sociologist

35. Traditional /conservative view
-make a firm and conscious
position of neutrality to avoid
biases in data and results of
investigations.
Activist -challenges position and
argues that it’s impossible to be “
value-free” or support the status quo
in temporary society.

36. Role: provide legislators with
objective data that’ll form the
basis of their decisions and
actions

37. Career: Sociology is a qualification for
civil service job , masteral and doctoral
degrees .
• Area of instructions , research
and administration in colleges and
universities.
• Consultants , research
technicians and administrators in
social welfare organizations and
government agencies.