Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Radiology in Endodontics
1. RADIOLOGY
IN
ENDODONTICs
Presented By
Jean Michael
1
2. History
• 1895 – Discovery of cathode rays by Roentgen
• 1895 – Dr. Otto Walkoff took the 1st dental X ray
(of his own teeth)
• 1899 – Dr. Edmund Kells used Radiographs to
determine the root length during RCT
• 1900 – Dr. Weston Price advocated the use of
radiographs to check the adequacy of
root canal fillings
2
3. How To Obtain A Good Radiograph
1. Proper placement of film in the patient’s
mouth
2. Correct Angulation of the cone in relation to
the film and oral structures
3. Correct exposure time
4. Proper developing technique
3
4. Relevant Findings For An Endodontist
• Presence of Caries that may involve or threaten
to involve the Pulp
• Number, course, shape and length of root
canals
• Calcification or obliteration of pulp cavity
• Internal and External Resorption
• Thickening of Periodontal Ligament
• Nature and extend of Periapical and Alveolar
Bone Destruction
4
5. • Diagnose abnormalities like Dilaceration and
Taurodontism
• Diagnose fracture of root
• To estimate and confirm the length of root
canals before instrumentation (working length
determination)
• To confirm the position and adaptation of
master cone
• Evaluation of outcome of root canal therapy
(post operative radiograph)
5
12. Disadvantages of Radiographs
• Radiographs are 2D shadow of a 3D Object
• They are only suggestive and not the final
evidence in judging a clinical problem
• Bucco-lingual dimension cannot be assessed in
an IOPA
• The bacterial status of the hard and soft tissues
cannot be determined
• Chronic inflammatory tissues cannot be
differentiated from healed fibrous scar tissue
12
13. • Lesions of the medullary bone are undetected
in the radiographs till there is substantial bone
loss and the involvement of cortical bone
• For a hard tissue lesion to be evident on a
radiograph, there should be at least a mineral
loss of 6.6 %
• Even a single error in the procedure can render
a radiograph useless
• Over exposure to X rays are harmful to the body
and strict precautions are to be maintained for
the patient and the operator
13
15. ParallelingTechnique
• Film is placed parallel
to the long axis of
the tooth to be
radiographed
• The film is exposed
using X rays which
are perpendicular to
its surface
• Requires special film
holding devices
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17. Bisecting Angle Technique
• The X rays pass
perpendicular to the
angular bisector of the
angle formed by the
long axis of the tooth
and the X ray film
• No film holding devices
are required
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47. IOPA Radiographs in Endodontic Therapy
• Diagnostic Radiographs
• Working Radiographs
• Post operative Radiographs
• Follow up Radiographs
47
48. Diagnostic Radiographs
• Ideally, these radiographs should be taken
using paralleling angle technique
• They should be of high quality without any
foreshortening or elongination
• They help for proper diagnosis of the case
• These radiographs helps in determining the
prognosis by comparison with post operative
and follow up radiographs
48
50. Comparison between Diagnostic and
Follow up Radiographs
Periapical Cyst Before RCT Complete Bony repair after RCT
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51. Working Radiographs
• These radiographs are used for determining
the position of instruments – files etc during
the procedure
• These radiographs are to be taken without
removing the rubber dam as it can cause
contamination of the operating field
• Bisecting angle technique can be used
• A better alternative is the use of a hemostat as
a film holding device
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55. Advantages of using a Hemostat
• Film placement is easier when the opening is
restricted by the Rubber dam and frame
• In the mandibular posterior area, the closing
of mouth relaxes the mylohyoid muscle
permitting the film to be placed farther
apically
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56. • The handle of the hemostat is a guide to align
the cone in a proper vertical and horizontal
angulation
• There is less risk of distortion caused by finger
pressure and film displacement as in bisecting
angle technique
• Any movement can be detected by the shift of
the handle and corrected before the exposure
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63. Postoperative Radiographs
• They are used to evaluate the endodontic
treatment
• They are taken after removing the rubber dam
• Ideally paralleling angle technique should be
used
• They can be compared with the diagnostic
radiograph
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68. Follow-up Radiographs
• These radiographs are taken to evaluate the
prognosis of the endodontically treated tooth
• After obturation, the tooth may have to
undergo procedures like core build up, crown
fabrication etc
• The follow up radiograph gives the health of
the periodontium and the tooth by evaluating
the presence of root resorption, other
treatment failures etc
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74. Vertical Angulation
• Elongation – Corrected by increasing the
vertical angle of the central ray
• Foreshortening – Corrected by decreasing the
vertical angle of the central ray
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75. Horizontal Angulation
Clarke’s Rule (S.L.O.B Rule)
• The object that moves in the SAME direction
as the cone is located toward the LINGUAL
• The object that moves in the OPPOSITE
direction as the cone is located toward the
BUCCAL
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106. • The digital systems relies on an electronic
detection of an X ray generated image that is
electronically processed and reproduced on a
computer screen
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107. Advantages
• Reduced exposure to radiation
• Increased speed of obtaining the image
• Possibility for digital enhancement
• Storage as digital data in computers
• Ease of transmissibility
• Elimination of manual processing steps
107
117. Conclusion
• Radiograph is a very powerful tool for a
dentist, especially an Endodontist with which
he are able to examine the status of hard
tissue which are beyond the field of his naked
eyes
• Application of radiology gives new standards
for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of
a dental problem
117
Fitting the master gutta-percha cone. A, Cone fit to radiographic terminus. B, Cone is cut back 0.5 mm.When placed to depth, the incisal reference remains the same. C, Compaction film reveals two apical foramina as well as large lateral canal opposite lateral lesion.
A, Bony lesion in furcation draining through buccalgingival sulcus. The molar pulp is necrotic. B, Obturation reveals the lateral accessory canal. C, Three-year recall radiograph. Total healing is apparent. No surgery was used.
A vital coronal pulp and associated periradicularresorptive lesions (arrows), most likely to occur in young persons, as demonstrated by a newly erupted, but cariously involved, second molar in a 15-year-old patient. Usually, a periradicular lesion is associated with necrotic pulp, as is the case on the first molar.
An avulsed left central incisor in a 6-year-old boy was replanted immediately. A,When re-evaluated after 8 weeks, there was still response to electric pulp testing. B, One year after trauma, the tooth was in the normal position and had no discoloration but did not respond to electric pulp testing. The root has continued to develop and the pulp appears to be calcifying. Also note hourglass erosion/resorption cervically(arrows). (Courtesy of Dr. Robert Bravin.)
Advanced internal resorption of a first molar. The process spread distally from the pulp to undermine restoration and perforate externally. The pulp is now necrotic, as evidenced by inflammatory lesion at apex. The cause of internal resorption may be from deep caries, pulp cap, or trauma from extraction of the second molar.
Differing pulp responses to trauma. Both incisors suffered impact as well as caries and restorative trauma. It is not clear why one pulp may react with extensive internal resorption and why another pulp may form calcifications. Treatment was successful in the central incisor but unsuccessful in the lateral incisor; the “cork-in-a-sewer” retrofilling failed.
Extensive internal resorption apparently triggered by iatral causes. Normal condition of teeth prior to crown preparation is seen in “before” radiographs (A and B). Development of internal resorption from high-speed preparation without water coolant is seen 1 year later (C and D).
External inflammatory resorption. A, Accidentally luxated tooth, radiograph taken 8 weeks after the incident. Note resorption of both dental hard tissues as well as adjacent alveolar bone. B, Immediately after root canal therapy. C, Control radiograph taken 12 months later. Note repair of the alveolus and establishment of a new periodontal ligament space. The root canal procedure arrested the resorptive process. (Courtsey of Dr. Romulo de Leon.)Figure 15-33 A, Internal resorption with a history of trauma. B, Immediately following root canal therapy.
Fractured premolar restored by endodontics and post-and-core crown. A, Tooth immediately following fracture. B, Restoration and periradicular healing at 3-year recall. Note the spectacular fill of arborization (arrows) at the apex. (Courtesy of Dr. Clifford J. Ruddle.)
Root fractures involve cementum, dentin, and pulp and may occur in any part of the root: apical, middle, or coronal thirds. B, Fractures may also be Comminuted (arrows).
A,Healing by interproximal bone. B, Root fracture (arrow) resulting in total separation of fragments. C,Midroot facture stabilizedfor 3 months. D, Note that after removing the splint, the incisal edges are even, yet a space is apparent between the segments. E, Eightmonths later, bone is now apparent between segments. F, The interproximal space has enlarged further 2 years after the accident. The toothis firm and functional. Note calcification of the pulp space.
C, Pulps of three incisors have been devitalized by the force of traumatic habit. Acute abscess has separated central incisors. D, One year following root canal therapy, some repair has occurred; however, persistent habit prevents complete healing.
Tooth luxation with loosening and displacement is often accompanied by fracture or comminution of the alveolar socket. B, Luxation displacement of left central and lateral incisor and canine (arrows). C, After repositioning. D, The incisor required root canal therapy about 3 months later. Canine retained its pulp vitality.
Apical condensing osteitis that developed in response to chronic pulpitis. Additional bony trabeculae have been formed and marrow spaces have been reduced to a minimum. The periodontal ligament space is visible, despite increased radiopacity of nearby bone.
Figure 5-9 A, Apical condensing osteitis associated with chronic pulpitis. Endodontic treatment has just been completed. Obvious condensation of alveolar bone (black arrow) is noticeable around the mesial root of the first molar. Radiolucent area is evident at the apex of the distal root of the same tooth. The retained primary molar root tip (open arrow) lies within the alveolar septum mesialto the molar. B, Resolution (arrow) of apical condensing osteitisshown in A, 1 year after endodontic treatment. From a radiographic standpoint, complete repair of both periradicular lesions has been obtained. Reversal of apical condensing osteitis and disappearance of radiopaque area are possible.
Enostosis. Also known as sclerotic bone. The radiopaque mass (arrows) probably represents an outgrowth of cortical bone on the endosteal surface. It is associated with neither pulpal nor periradicularpathosis and can be differentiated radiographically from condensing osteitis (see Figure 5-9) by its well-defined borders and homogeneous opacity
Canine
Circumferential dentigerous cyst developed around the crown of an unerupted canine. The cyst may be enucleated (care must be taken to avoid the incisor) and the canine brought into position with an orthodontic appliance.
Initial – Later – Intermediate - Mature
Unusual pulp dystrophy seen with hereditary hypophosphatemia. Incomplete calcification of dentin and huge pulps leave these teeth vulnerable to pulp infection and necrosis.