1. pipelines IN THE CASPIAN By: Ye-Ji Hwang

2. The Caspian Rich natural resources Competition US-Russia Russia wants to remain Europe’s main supplier US-Iran Oil to Europe Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan conflicts

3. Little Bit of History Nobel Brothers Soviet nationalism in 1920 and more oil discoveries in 1960’s OPEC established Over production, poor management, and too much water injected to the ground = decline Oil production = “saving grace” to new independent nations Before the fall of the Soviet

4. Iran and Russia Iran turns to Russia because of sanctions 1995 Clinton- Executive Orders (reaffirmation in 1997) 1996 Mandatory sanctions Conoco withdrew left door open to Total and Petronas Foreign oil companies pressured to leave Russia major player in Central Asia Share interest of limiting US power in the region Co-founded Gas Exporting Countries Forum Signed agreement July 2010 Gazprom and Lukoil increasingly involved

5. Around Caspian 2007 Turkey and Iran Memorandum Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline Trans-Caspian gas pipeline Central Asia-Center gas pipeline Gazprom Dauletabad-Sarakhs-Khangiran gas pipeline Inaugurated early this year

7. Four Conflicts 1. Ongoing problem between Armenia and Azerbaijan 2. Tensions between Armenians and Turks 3. US keeping pipelines out of Iran and Russia 4. Iran and Russia’s legal issues 1921 and 1940 1982 Law of Sea

8. Solution 1 Support Trans-Caspian oil pipeline Pipeline between Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan Can be collaborated with Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan pipeline in Turkey

9. Solution 2 Support Kazakhstan’s new oil route to Europe Plans to triple exports in following years 83% destined for Europe However only small portion Collaborative with Trans-Caspian pipeline then to Europe through Azerbaijan and Georgia Already to Europe through Russia…. China

10. Solution 3 Support Dauletabad-Sarakhs-Khangiran gas pipeline Turkmenistan-Iran-Turkey Pressure by Washington to back out of Iran Sanctions on companies Royal Dutch Shell Glencose and Vitol Trafigure BP Reliance

11. Proposal Solution 1 “Lobby” for Trans-Caspian pipeline On-going route Iran faster- contradiction Russia Not another Cold War Obama more engaging