5. Table 1: Contrasting views of instruction and construction, from Sandholtz, Ringstaff, and Dwyer (1997) Instruction Construction Classroom activity Teacher-centered Learner-centered Teacher role Fact teller Always expert Collaborative Sometimes learner Student role Listener Always learner Collaborator Sometimes expert Instructional Emphasis Facts Memorization Relationships Inquiry and investigation Concept of Knowledge Accumulation of facts Transformation of facts Demonstration of success Quantity Quality of understanding Assessment Norm-referenced Criterion-referenced Portfolios and performance Technology Use Drill and practice Communication, collaboration, information, access, expression
I believe as a school district we need to put resources towards developing a successful integrated education program. With appropriate technologies and proper resources we can make this a reality.
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