1. Transport -
The
Human
Circulatory
System
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2. General Functions of Transport
Systems...
 Maintain internal homeostasis
 Deliver oxygen, food and other
nutrients, hormones
 Remove CO2 and other metabolic
wastes (urea)
 Maintain cells in a fluid environment
that allows exchange of these many
materials
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3. Blood
Vessels
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4. Arteries are adapted to deal
Thick outer wall
with blood under HIGH
pressure
Thick layer of
Narrow lumen muscle and elastic
(space through fibres
which blood
flows)
Veins are adapted to deal with
blood under LOW pressure
Thinner outer wall
than arteries
Thinner layer of
muscle and elastic
fibres than
arteries
Wide lumen
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5. Which is the Artery and Vein???
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6. Veins also have valves to… …keep blood flowing in the right direction
Valves open to
allow blood to Valves close
flow… to stop blood
…TOWARDS flowing…
heart …AWAY
FROM heart
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7. Capillaries are adapted for … …exchange of materials.
Gaps between The capillaries are very narrow.
cells in capillary
(They are just large enough for
wall…
a red blood cell to squeeze
…allow
through)
plasma to
leak in and This means that blood in the
out capillaries moves very… SLOWLY
Oxygen, food molecules
and hormones diffuse
from the blood to the
Wall of capillary
cells
is very thin…
…only one
cell thick
Carbon dioxide and
other wastes diffuse
from the cells to the
blood
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Cells Body Tissues

8. The Smallest Blood Vessels
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9. Arteries
 Vessels that carry blood
AWAY from the heart.
 Blood High in oxygen
(except Pulmonary
Artery)
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11. Veins
 Vessels that carry
blood TOWARD
the heart from
body tissues. One
direction.
 Blood Low in
Oxygen (Except
Pulmonary Vein)
 .
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12. Capillaries
 Smallest blood
vessels.
 1 layer of
endothelial cells
thick. HAVE ONE
WAY VALVES.
 Red blood cells
pass through in
single file
 Gases diffuse in
lungs.
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14. Major Veins and Arteries
 Inferior and Superior Vena Cava –
return blood to the right atrium
(BLUE)
 Pulmonary Artery – carries blood
from heart to the lungs (BLUE)
 Pulmonary Vein – carries blood from
lungs to the heart (RED)
 Aorta – carries blood from the heart
to all body parts. (RED)
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15. THE HEART
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16. The Heart and Blood Flow in
Mammals
General:
 Double-sided pump.
Blood content:
 Right: low in O2, high in
CO2
 Left: high in O2, low in CO2
Basic Structure:
 Right and Left side
separated by the SEPTUM.
 Atrium – upper chambers.
 Ventricles – lower
chambers.
 Chambers separated by
valves
 Flow from the heart
separated by valves.
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17. 03/14/12 23:09 cottingham

18. The Mammalian Heart
INNER BODY
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19. The Human Heart
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20. Valves and Nodes
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21. Valves and Nodes
VALVES
 Atrioventricular – allows blood to flow
between atria and ventricle
 Semilunar – allows blood to flow from
ventricles
NODES – control impulse release
 Sino Atrial – (SAN) – release impulse
 Atrioventricular (AVN) – connected to
Bundle of His connected to Purkinje Tissue
Cardiac Angiography
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23. • The “pacemaker” sets the tempo of
the heartbeat.
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24. CARDIAC CYCLE – Control of
the Heartbeat!!!
The Heart is MYOGENIC!!!
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25. Myogenic
ABILITY OF THE HEART
TO CONTRACT WITHOUT
BEING STIMULATED BY
AN “OUTSIDE” NERVE
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26. Cardiac Cycle
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27. The Cardiac Cycle
 The heart is composed of cardiac muscle
and each beat is a sequence of muscle
contraction (systole) and relaxation
(diastole).
 An average blood pressure is 120/80 (mm
Hg) of pressure on artery walls.
 The atria contract first, followed
immediately by the ventricles.
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28. CONTROL OF HEARTBEAT
1. Myogenic
2. Pacemaker – region of the heart (wall of
R.A.) responsible for initiating contraction.
3. Nerves from the brain carry messages to
pacemaker - speed up heartbeat
4. Adrenaline – carried to heart in blood --- tells
pacemaker to speed up heartbeat.
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29. Pathway of Circulation
You must be able to trace
blood from anywhere in the
body and back to that point.
 Pulmonary Circulation –
involves the LUNGS and ALL
parts to the heart except the
LEFT VENTRICLE and AORTA.
 Systemic Circulation – begins
in the LEFT VENTRICLE and
ends before entering the
RIGHT ATRIUM.
 Exchange of gases on the
cellular level in capillaries.
 Coronary Circulation –
supplies blood to the heart.
 Hepatic Portal Circulation –
from the digestive system to
the liver. Excess glucose
leaves blood in the liver.
 Renal Circulation – carries
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blood to and from the kidney.

30. BLOOD
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31. Transported by the
Blood
 Nutrients – CFP’s
 O2 and CO2
 Hormones
 Antibodies
 Urea
 Heat
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32. The Blood is made up of four components…
Red Blood White Blood Cell A straw-
Cells Cells fragments coloured
called… liquid called…
…platelets …plasma
Carries
dissolved
Carry oxygen Fight Help with substances:
infections blood clotting
Carbon dioxide
Other wastes
Food molecules
Hormones
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33. Red Blood Cells are adapted for carrying oxygen
Shape: Biconcave disc
Dimple on either
side of cell
increases…
… surface area
for absorption of
oxygen
Mature red blood
Cell is packed with … cell has no… nucleus
…haemoglobin This make s more
room for… haemoglobin.
In the Lungs
Haemoglobin + Oxygen Oxyhaemoglobin
In the
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cottingham

34. PLASMA
 50% - 60% of blood volume
 Composed of:
 Water, Glucose, hormones,
ions, gases dissolved in plasma
 Blood proteins:
 albumin(most abundant,
regulates diffusion of plasma),
 globulin(transport and
immunity),
 Fibrinogen and prothrombin
(clotting).
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35. Erythrocytes
 5 to 6 million/cmm
 40% of blood
volume
 Made in bone
marrow
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36. Leucocytes
 Larger than RBC
 Made in bone
marrow.
 6000 – 8000/
cmm
 2% to 3% of
blood
 Contain nuclei
 2 GROUPS
 Phagocyte
 Lymphocytes (t-
cells and B-cells)
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37. Platelets
 200,000 to
400,000 /cmm
 Smaller than RBC
or WBC
 No nucleus
 Made of bits of
cytoplasm
 Made in bone
marrow
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38. Blood Clotting
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39.  end
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40. Blood Typing
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41. Blood Typing
BLOOD TYPE CAN RECEIVE FROM CAN DONATE TO
AB AB,A,B,O AB ONLY
(UNIVERSAL
RECIPIENT)
A A or O A or AB
B B or O B or AB
O O ONLY O,A,B,AB
(UNIVERSAL DONOR)
How Does Rh factor affect blood types?????
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42. Evolution of Vertebrate
Circulatory Systems
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