10. Hunting and Gathering Society Economic Characteristics Hunting game, gathering roots and berries Control of Surplus None Inheritance None Control over Procreation None Women’s Status Relative Equality
11. Horticultural and Pastoral Economic Characteristics Planting crops, domestication of animals for food Control of Surplus Men begin to control societies Inheritance Shared—patrilineal and matrilineal Control over Procreation Increasingly by men Women’s Status Decreasing in move to pastoralism
12. Industrial Economic Characteristics Mechanized production of goods Control of Surplus Men who own means of production Inheritance Bilateral Control over Procreation Men—but less so in later stages Women’s Status Low
13. Agrarian Economic Characteristics Labor-intensive farming Control of Surplus Men who own land or herds Inheritance Patrilineal Control over Procreation Men—to ensure legitimacy of heirs Women’s Status Low
14. Postindustrial Economic Characteristics Information and service economy Control of Surplus Corporate shareholders and high-tech entrepreneurs Inheritance Bilateral Control over Procreation Mixed Women’s Status Varies by class, race, and age
31. Figure 11.6: Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome.
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33. Professor Lazarus’s concept of appraisal, which had its roots in the work of Magda Arnold, and before that, in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics , eventually became a principal rationale for cognitive-behavior therapy, which became one of the major approaches to psychological treatment beginning in the 1970s. Professor Lazarus also emphasized that the way people cope with stress is crucial in their physical, social, and psychological well-being. A basic premise of his was that stress and coping are reciprocals of each other. When coping is effective, stress is usually controlled; when coping is ineffective, stress mounts and can get out of control, leading to physiological disturbance, subjective distress, and impaired social functioning. In 1984, in collaboration with Susan Folkman (who had obtained her doctorate as his student), Professor Lazarus published Stress, Appraisal and Coping , which became the most widely read and cited academic book in this field. He published a sequel to it in 1999, entitled Stress and Emotion: A New Synthesis. There, he made a case for stress as being part of the broader area of emotion, and made a case for the use of narratives or prototypical stories as an approach to the emotions. Professor Lazarus also stressed the importance of daily hassles as a source of stress, arguing that such hassles typically cause more human suffering than major life events.
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53. Stress and Womens Health: Reduce Stress and Stay Healthy By Elizabeth Scott, M.S. , About.com Updated: May 12, 2009 About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by the Medical Review Board Prev Next Avoid Unhealthy Coping Habits Women, too, are prone to dealing with stress in less-than-healthy ways, such as drinking to excess and smoking. And emotional eating among women is nothing new. Fortunately, women tend to have a great ability for introspection, so if you find yourself falling into unhealthy coping habits, examining the roots of your stress and changing your way of handling stress is a great idea for you. See these resources for more information on unhealthy coping habits, and find resources for a healthier lifestyle.
54. Stress and Womens Health: Reduce Stress and Stay Healthy Social support is an important stress reliever for womens health.
55. Balance and Learn To Say No However, without planning, prioritizing and paring down, commitments can take over every spare moment of time, leaving little or no time in a woman ’ s schedule for important and self-nurturing activities like ‘ down time ’ , exercise , friendships , and even sleep .
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60. Find Time For Yourself It ’ s important for women, including mothers, to take regular time to do things that nurture our souls and keep us feeling alive; if we don ’ t, we could face burnout, and we won ’ t be as helpful to others in our lives anyway. A regular stress management practice is a must, and it can come in the form of a hobby, a type of exercise, a tension taming practice, or some other habit, but its important to make time for such things that can keep you feeling your best.
61. Safeguard Your Sex Life With the busy schedules women keep these days, whether working full-time, staying home with children, or going to school, women are often exhausted at the end of the day. Because of this, sex sometimes takes a backseat to everything else in life , especially for women. However, whether you are too busy to meet someone, too frazzled to work on your relationship, or just plain too exhausted for sex, it ’ s important to make sex and your romantic life a priority too
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71. General Aspects Of Objectification Objectification Based On Preoccupation With “Looks” Women are responded to primarily as “females,” personal accomplishments are less important. Women are often seen as the objects of sexual attraction, not full human. Women are seen as “all alike.” Women are seen by some as depersonalized body parts. Example: “a piece of ass.” Women are seen as passive, so things can easily be “done to a woman”. (discrimination, harassment, and violence. Depersonalized female sexuality is used for economic purposes. In the media, advertising, fashion and cosmetics industries, and pornography.
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87. % of Women, African Americans, Hispanics in Selected Occupations Women African American Hispanic Managerial, Professional 50.0 8.3 5.1 Technical, sales, support 63.7 11.4 9.1 Service jobs 60.4 17.9 16.3 Operators, laborers 23.3 15.6 17.7
93. Views of Division of Labor by Gender Theory View Functionalism Women’s roles as caregivers are crucial in ensuring that societal tasks are fulfilled. Conflict Division of labor within families and the workplace results from male control and dominance over women and resources.
Calls for three levels of largely physiological reactions to stressors. In the alarm reaction, resources are quickly mobilized as the sympathetic division of the ANS springs into action. If the stressor remains, the organism enters a defensive resistance stage. Following prolonged exposure to a stressor, the energy necessary for adaptive resistance may become depleted in a stage of exhaustion.
There are individual differences in how people respond to stress. 1. Being able to see difficulties as opportunity for change and growth, not as a threat to status. 2. Being in charge of what is happening and believing that one is master of his or her fate. 3. Being engaged and involved in life and its circumstances, not just watching life go by on the sidelines.
Females will often call out to their friends and family members in times of stress. In sum, some responses to stress are more effective or adaptive than others.
It is now realized that there are other sources of aggression. Anxiety–the anxiety that results from stress can become so discomforting and maladaptive to lead a psychologist to say that a person is suffering from a psychological disorder.
That is, when one’s goal-directed behaviors are continually blocked or thwarted, one should consider bringing about a relatively permanent change in those behaviors, or consider changing one’s goals altogether.
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