The French Republic from humiliating defeat, the Paris Commune, and the end of royalism to republican success and three crises, to the coming of the Great War.

1. Nineteenth Century Europe
PART 3
1871-1914
session 14
FRANCE THE DIVIDED REPUBLIC

2. The Aftermath of Defeat
THE WAR’S END AND THE COMMUNE, 1870-1878
THIERS AS PRESIDENT
THE FAILURE OF ROYALISM
The Republic: Basic Problems
YEARS OF ACCOMPLISHMENT, 1879-1885
SOME BASIC PROBLEMS Three Crises
Three Crises
THE BOULANGER CASE
PANAMA
THE DREYFUS AFFAIR
The Prewar Years
ARMY REFORM
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
POLITICS IN THE LAST YEARS OF PEACE
Today’s Major Themes

5. Revolutionary
Marianne
Royalist
Marianne

6. The celebration of the election of the Commune, 28 March 1871

9. Communards gloat over Napoleon I’s “downfall”

11. “Bloody Week”

13. A barricade on Place Blanche during Bloody Week, whose defenders included Louise Michel • and a unit of 30 women—Wikipedia

14. Louise Michel- “The Red Virgin of Montmartre”
• 1865-opened a school in Paris known for its
progressive methods
• 1869-radical feminist group politics
1830-1905

15. Louise Michel- “The Red Virgin of Montmartre”
• 1865-opened a school in Paris known for its
progressive methods
• 1869-radical feminist group politics
• Nov 1870-during the siege became part of the
National Guard along with other radical feminists
• 1873-after 20 mo in prison, deported to penal colony
in New Caledonia (SE of Australia)
• 1880-paroled, returned to France as an anarchist,
continued to speak against the government
1830-1905

16. Louise Michel- “The Red Virgin of Montmartre”
• 1865-opened a school in Paris known for its
progressive methods
• 1869-radical feminist group politics
• Nov 1870-during the siege became part of the
National Guard along with other radical feminists
• 1873-after 20 mo in prison, deported to penal colony
in New Caledonia (SE of Australia)
• 1880-paroled, returned to France as an anarchist,
continued to speak against the government
• 1890-arrested again, ridiculed by the conservatives,
she escaped being committed to an insane asylum by
emigrating to London
• popular throughout Europe for her feminist message
• Brian Doherty (born, 1968, editor of Reason) has
called her “the French grande dame of Anarchy”—
Wikipedia
1830-1905

17. the communards are no match for the regular army

19. 6,000 to 8,000 communards are hunted down and shot

25. (Reparations to the German Empire)

28. Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, Prince Français, Count de Meudon, Count di Moncalieri ad personam, 3rd Prince von
Montfort (commonly known as Prince Napoléon and occasionally as Prince Jérôme Napoléon; 9 September 1822 – 17 March 1891)
was the second son of Jérôme Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, by his wife Princess Catherine of Württemberg. He soon rendered himself
popular by playing on his family ties to Napoleon I. After the French revolution of 1848 he was elected to the National Assembly of France
as a representative of Corsica.
*
*

29. NAP III GOES OFF TO WAR

30. NAP III A RELIC OF THE WAR

33. "The Black Stain": In France,
children were taught in school
not to forget the lost provinces,
which were coloured in black on
maps. 1887 painting by Albert
Bettannier, a native of Metz
who fled to Paris after the
annexation of his hometown.—
Wikipedia

34. Some Basic Problems
• industrial development lagged that of its rivals
• investment capital went abroad
• agriculture suffered
• one of the reasons for the tariff war with Italy, 1889-1900
• Politics was fragmented
• there was an unreasonable fear of strong leadership, e.g., Ferry & Gambetta
• the republican center faced enemies, right and left
• a lower fertility rate had Darwinist implications!

38. André Gill's cartoon on Ferry, where he eats
a gingerbread priest (1878)

44. The symbol of the Royalists
of the Vendée war during
the French Revolution

48. Constructed to celebrate the centennial of the Revolution

51. Paris Exposition of 1889

54. Paris Exposition of 1889
Trams stopping in front of the Pavilion of Machines (La Galerie des Machines).-Wikipedia

56. Paris Exposition of 1889
Plate commemorating American participation in the 1889 Paris World's Fair - German National Museum, Nuremberg-Wikipedia

64. Guesde was the inspiration for a famous
quotation by Karl Marx. Shortly before Marx
died in 1883, he wrote a letter to Guesde
and Paul Lafargue, both of whom already
claimed to represent "Marxist" principles.
Marx accused them of "revolutionary phrase-
mongering". This exchange is the source of
Marx's remark, reported by Friedrich Engels:
"ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que moi, je ne
suis pas marxiste” (“what is certain is that [if
they are Marxists], [then] I myself am not a
Marxist”).—Wikipedia

66. Naturalism—attacked by conservatives as “filth”
(Here, and
in the
following
series, Zola
Dips his
Pen in the
Chamber
pot)

67. Naturalism—attacked by conservatives as “filth”
(A roll of toilet paper)

68. Naturalism—attacked by conservatives as “filth”

71. Three Crises
1880-1900

78. Three Crises
1880-1900
(Ferdinand de Lessups.
Hero of the Suez Canal)

90. Three Crises
1880-1900

91. 1894

103. This staged stereopticon photo minimizes the cruelty of Dreyfus’ punishment