1. Women’s Suffra" in
Late 19$ C. England

2. Women
in
Victorian
England
• Focus
=
family
• Ideal
woman
=
Queen
Victoria

3. Women’s
Suffrage
• Many
women

vocal
about
demands
for
social
&
poliBcal
equality
• “SuffrageEes”

5. Emmeline
Pankhurst
* SuffrageEe:
militant
-­‐
arrested
and
imprisoned
* She
and
her
daughters
Christabel
&
Sylvia
formed
the
Women’s
Social
&
Poli0cal
Union
(WSPU)

7. Emmaline
Pankhurst
was
sent
to
a
local
girl's
school
in
Manchester.
At
the
age
of
fiBeen
she
went
to
a
finishing
school
in
Paris.
This
account
appeared
in
her
autobiography,
My
Own
Life,
in
1914
The
educaBon
of
boys
was
considered
a
much
more
serious
maEer
than
the
educaBon
of
girls.
My
parents…
discussed
the
quesBon
of
my
brothers'
educaBon
as
a
maEer
of
real
importance.
My
educaBon
and
that
of
my
sister
were
scarcely
discussed
at
all.
Of
course
we
went
to
a
carefully
selected
girls'
school,
but
beyond
the
facts
that
the
headmistress
was
a
good
woman
and
that
all
the
pupils
were
girls
of
my
own
class,
nobody
seemed
concerned.
A
girl's
educaBon
at
that
Bme
seemed
to
have
for
its
prime
object
the
art
of
'making
a
home
aEracBve'.
When
I
was
fiVeen
I
was
sent
to
school
in
Paris.
The
school
was
under
the
direcBon
of
Marchef
Girard
a
woman
who
believed
that
girls'
educaBon
should
be
quite
as
thorough
as
the
educaBon
of
boys.
She
included
chemistry
and
other
sciences
in
the
course,
and
in
addiBon
to
embroidery
she
had
her
girls
taught
bookkeeping.
When
I
was
nineteen
I
finally
returned
from
school
in
Paris
and
took
my
place
in
my
father's
home
as
a
finished
young
lady.

8. TacBcs
• SuffrageEes
resorted
to
drasBc,
oVen
violent,
measures
– Disrupted
Parliament
– Chained
selves
to
things
(i.e.
the
wheel
of
the
Prime
Minister’s
carriage)
– Fought
back
when
arrested
– Arson

11. TacBcs
• Hunger
Strikes
in
Prison
– Resulted
in
brutal
force
feedings

12. In
her
book
Memories
of
a
Militant,
Annie
Kenney
explained
the
use
of
the
hunger
strike
In
1909
Wallace
Dunlop
went
to
prison
and
defied
the
long
sentences
that
were
being
given
by
adopBng
the
hunger-­‐
strike.
'Release
or
Death'
was
her
moEo.
From
that
day,
July
5th,
1909,
the
hunger-­‐strike
was
the
greatest
weapon
we
possessed
against
the
Government…
before
long
all
SuffrageEe
prisoners
were
on
hunger-­‐strike,
so
the
threat
to
pass
long
sentences
on
us
had
failed.
Sentences
grew
shorter.

13. Constance
LyQon
was
force-­‐fed
in
October
1909.
An
account
of
her
experiences
was
included
in
her
book
Prison
and
Prisoners
Two
of
the
wardresses
took
hold
of
my
arms,
one
held
my
head
and
one
my
feet.
The
doctor
leant
on
my
knees
as
he
stooped
over
my
chest
to
get
at
my
mouth.
I
shut
my
mouth
and
clenched
my
teeth…
The
doctor
seemed
annoyed
at
my
resistance
and
he
broke
into
a
temper
as
he
pried
my
teeth
with
the
steel
implement.
The
pain
was
intense
and
at
last
I
must
have
given
way,
for
he
got
the
gap
between
my
teeth,
when
he
proceeded
to
turn
it
unBl
my
jaws
were
fastened
wide
apart.
Then
he
put
down
my
throat
a
tube,
which
seemed
to
me
much
too
wide
and
something
like
four
feet
in
length.
I
choked
the
moment
it
touched
my
throat.
Then
the
food
was
poured
in
quickly;
it
made
me
sick
a
few
seconds
aVer
it
was
down.
I
was
sick
all
over
the
doctor
and
wardresses.
As
the
doctor
leV
he
gave
me
a
slap
on
the
cheek.
Presently
the
wardresses
leV
me.
Before
long
I
heard
the
sounds
of
the
forced
feeding
in
the
next
cell
to
mine.
It
was
almost
more
than
I
could
bear,
it
was
Elsie
Howley.
When
the
ghastly
process
was
over
and
all
quiet.
I
tapped
on
the
wall
and
called
out
at
the
top
of
my
voice.
'No
Surrender',
and
then
came
the
answer
in
Elsie's
voice,
'No
Surrender'.

14. TacBcs
• Martyrdom
– Emily
Davison
– Threw
self
in
front
of
King
George
V’s
horse
to
draw
aEenBon
to
the
cause

16. RepresentaBon
of
the
People
Act
* 1918
-­‐
Women
over
30
got
the
right
to
vote
* All
men
gained
suffrage
– Property
qualificaBons
were
completely
eliminated!
* Reform
Act
of
1928
– Women
over
21
years
of
age
gained
the
right
to
vote
at
last!

17. Jews in 19$ C.
Europe

18. EmancipaBon
• New
German
Empire
–
1871
– Abolished
all
restricBons
on
Jews
• Marriage
• OccupaBon
• Residence
• Property
ownership
– BUT…sBll
no
gov’t
employment
&
general
discriminaBon
sBll
an
issue

19. Jewish
Life
in
Central
&
Western
Europe
• Entered
professions,
arts,
business
–
much
success
• Majority
improved
economic
situaBon
– Entered
middle
class
• Strong
naBonal
idenBty
w/
their
country
of
residence

20. Modern
AnB-­‐SemiBsm
• Resurgence
-­‐
post
stock
market
crash
1873
– Result
of
Jewish
“financial
control”
• New
talk
of
a
Jewish
“race”
(not
religion)
emerged
– Jews
posed
“biological
threat”
to
Germans

21. Modern
AnB-­‐SemiBsm
(cont.)
• Popular
with:
– ConservaBves
– Extremist
naBonalists
– People
who
felt
threatened
by
Jewish
compeBBon
• Created
PoliBcal
ParBes
to
aEack
&
degrade
Jews

22. The
Zionist
Movement
•
Theodore
Herzl
(1860-­‐1904)
•
Father
of
Modern
Zionism
•
Zionism:
movement
toward
Jewish
poliBcal
naBonhood
•
Wrote
Der
Judenstaat
(The
Jewish
State)
–
1896
•
Response
to
Viennese
mayor
and
AnB-­‐Semite
Karl
Lueger
&
his
“ChrisBan
Socialists”

23. Eastern
European
AnB-­‐SemiBsm
• Most
oppressive
here
• Russia
– No
emancipaBon
– Over
½
Euro
Jew
pop
in
Russia
• 4
million
of
Europe’s
7
million
Jews
lived
in
Russia
(1880)

24. Pale
of
SeElement
Catherine
The
Great
established
the
Pale
of
SeElement
in
1791
as
a
territory
for
Russian
Jews
to
live.
Created
under
pressure
to
rid
Moscow
of
Jewish
business
compeBBon
and
"evil"
influence
on
the
Russian
masses,
the
Pale
of
SeElement
included
the
territory
of
present-­‐day
Poland,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Ukraine
and
Belorussia.
More
than
90%
of
Russian
Jews
were
forced
to
live
in
the
poor
condiBons
of
the
Pale,
which
made
up
only
4%
of
imperial
Russia.
SBll,
the
Jewish
populaBon
in
Russia
grew
from
1.6
million
in
1820
to
5.6
million
in
1910.
Even
within
the
Pale,
Jews
were
discriminated
against;
they
paid
double
taxes,
were
forbidden
to
lease
land,
run
taverns
or
receive
higher
educaBon.
Virtual
Jewish
Library

25.
The
May
Laws
of
1882
restricted
Jews
in
the
Pale
to
urban
areas,
which
were
oVen
overcrowded
and
offered
limited
economic
opportuniBes.
In
addiBon
thousands
of
Jews
fell
vicBm
to
devastaBng
pogroms
in
the
1870s
and
1880s.
The
pogroms,
boycoEs
and
other
anB-­‐SemiBc
depredaBons
Jews
faced
in
the
Pale
led
to
mass
immigraBon
to
the
United
States
(two
million
between
1881
and
1914)

27. Russian
Jews
• Gov’t
used
anB-­‐SemiBsm
to
distract
from
own
unpopularity
– Denounced
Jews
as
foreign
exploiters
who
corrupted
naBonal
tradiBons
• 1880-­‐1882
–
wave
of
violent
pogroms
began
in
Southern
Russia
&
would
conBnue
intermiEently
for
decades

28. Pogrom
An
organized,
oVen
officially
encouraged,
massacre
or
persecuBon
of
a
minority
group,
esp.
against
Jews

31. MigraBon
• Many
Jews
emigrated

Western
Europe
&
US
• 1881-­‐1914
– Apx
2.75
million
Jews
leV
Eastern
Europe