5. FUNCTIONS OF LIFE
3. DIGESTION
4. RESPIRATION
5. GROWTH
6. RESPONSIVENESS
7. REPRODUCTION
8. EXCRETION
9. MOVEMENT
6. WHAT IS METABOLISM?
It pertains to all the chemical reactions
that occur in a living system
necessary for the performance of
various functions of life.
7. Each function involves several chemical
reactions
Each chemical reaction involves several
steps
Each of the different function is
interrelated
Each chemical reactions are interrelated
15. MEANS OF MAINTAINING
FUNCTION
ALTERNATIVE FEEDING PATTERNS
a. IV Infusion
b. Enteral Hyperalimentation
c. Total Parenteral Nutrition
d. Elemental Diets
e. Fat Emulsion Feeding
33. Among the most common congenital anomalies
Severity varies
May present as a cleft lip, cleft palate or both
Cause is Multifactorial
- Genetic
- Environmental
34.
35.
36.
37. • Defective growth the medial
Failure of fusion of of palatal
shelves
nasal and maxillary process
during the 5th week of embyonic
• Failure of the shelves to attain
developmentposition
a horizontal
• Lack of contact between
shelves
• Rupture after fusion of
shelves
38. MAJOR MEDICAL CONCERN
• Risk of aspiration because of communication
between oral and nasal cavities
• Airway obstruction
• Difficulties with feeding of a child with a cleft and
nasal regurgitation
39. Breastfeeding an infant with a cleft
• Massaging the breast and applying hot packs on the breast 20
minutes before nursing usually helps.
• The mother should apply pressure to the areola with her fingers to
help the engorged nipple protrude..
• If the infant cannot hold onto the nipple any more, the mother can
collect the remaining milk and can finish the feeding with collected
milk in a bottle.
• The mother should increase her fluid intake (drink lots of water).
40. Feeding milk with a bottle
• A variety of nipples and bottles are made specifically for infants
with clefts.
• A soft nipple is generally better than a hard nipple
• Use a crosscut nipple to prevent choking. The crosscut is on the
tongue side.
• The bottle should be squeezed and released, not continually
squeezed.
• The nipple is angled to a side of the mouth, away from the cleft.
41. Other recommendations
• More upright or seated positions prevent the milk from
leaking to the nose and causing the infant to choke.
•Advise the mother to stop feeding and allow the infant to
cough or sneeze for a few seconds when nasal regurgitation
occurs.
• Gaining weight and preventing aspiration and ear infections
are the most important parts of caring for neonates with a
cleft during their first days and weeks of life.
42. RECOMMENDED PROTOCOL
• Diagnostic examination, general counseling of parents,
feeding instructions
• Age 3 months - Repair of CL and placement of ventilation
tubes
• Age 6 months - Presurgical orthodontics, if necessary; first
speech evaluation
• Age 9 months - Speech therapy begins
43. RECOMMENDED PROTOCOL
• Age 9-12 months - Repair of CP (placement of ventilation
tubes if not done at the time of CL repair)
• Age 1-7 years - Orthodontic treatment
• Age 7-8 years - Alveolar bone graft
• Older than 8 years - Orthodontic treatment continues
44.
45.
46. The most common cause of intestinal
obstruction in infancy
Also known as infantile hypertrophic
pyloric stenosis (IHPS)
Etiology is unknown and probably
Multifactorial
47. GIT
ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT GENETICS
HYPERTROPHY
And HYPERPLASIA
NARROWING OF THE
GASTRIC ANTRUM
NONBILIOUS DECREASED EPIGASTRIC
VISIBLE
VOMITING URINE AND DISTENTION IMPAIRED
GASTRIC DEHYDRATION
(METABOLIC STOLL (OLIVE-SHAPED NUTRITION
PERISTALSIS
ALKALOSIS) OUTPUT MASS)
48.
49. OTHER COMMON FINDINGS:
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
Hypernatremia or hyponatremia
Dilated stomach bubble ON X-ray
String sign and shoulder sign on UGI
