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WHAT IS A TRACHEOPHYTE (VASCULAR PLANT)?
A Land Plant (embryophyte) with:
vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
-functions in conduction of water/sugars
TRACHEOPHYTES ALSO HAVE:
Sporophyte dominant & independent
Supportive tissue (lignified 2˚ cell walls;
sclerenchyma)
Roots
Shoots (w/ sporophytic leaves) }extant
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SECONDARY CELL WALL
- CELLULOSE + LIGNIN
-FORMS BETWEEN 1˚ CELL WALL AND
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- ADDS STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
- FOUND IN TRACHEIDS, VESSELS, FIBERS
(ALL DEAD CELLS)
LIGNIFIED SECONDARY CELL WALL
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Sclerenchyma
¢ Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
¢ Dead at maturity (usually)
1. Fibers
Elongate, sharply tapering
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FIBERS
¢ Mechanical support
¢ Occur in groups or bundles
¢ Components of vascular tissues
Sclerenchyma
• Permits the plant to attain greater stem of height
2. Sclereids
- Isodiametric to irregular
- Branched
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What is the function of tracheary elements?
In what tissue are the tracheary elements found?
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TRACHEARY
ELEMENTS
Tracheids - Imperforate Vessels - Perforate
Angiosperms (most)
Gnetales
A few Monilophytes
SIEVE ELEMENTS
Sieve cells - No sieve plates
Sieve tube members - Sieve plates
=Apomorphy of Angiosperms
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GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
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GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
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GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
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GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
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GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
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GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
“Bryophytes”: Gametophyte
dominant, long-lived
BRYOPHYTES (LIVERWORTS, HORNWORTS,
MOSSES): GAMETOPHYTES ARE DOMINANT,
LONG-LIVED
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GAMETOPHYTE
(n)
Egg
(n)
Sperm
(n)
Zygote
(2n)
HAPLODIPLONTIC
("Alternation of
Generations")
SPOROPHYTE
(2n)
Embryo
(2n)
Spores
(n)
lost by reduction and modification
in the Angiosperms
and some Gnetales
Sporangium
(2n)
Archegonium
(n)
Antheridium
(n)
fertilization
mitosismitosis
meiosis
mitosis
}
(Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers,
Gnetales, and Angiosperms)
Sporocyte
(2n)
produce
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
Vascular Plants:
Sporophyte dominant, long-lived
VASCULAR PLANTS: SPOROPHYTES ARE
DOMINANT
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lateral branch
root
shoot
axillary
bud
shoot
apex
lateral
branch
node
internode
root tip
root apical
meristem
root cap
root hairs
shoot tip
shoot apical
meristem
bud
primordium
lateral roots
SPOROPHYTIC LEAVES AND SHOOTS
Leavesà
The same with
Mosses and
Liverworts?
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Do bryophytes have roots?
DIVERSITY OF VASCULAR PLANTS
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VASCULAR PLANTS
¢ Rhyniophytes
¢ Lycopodiophyta
¢ Euphyllophytes
— Equisatales
— Marattiales
— Polypodiales
— Ophioglosalles
— Psilotales
— Seed plants
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Rhynia
- one of earliest vascular
plants
(ca. 400 million years
ago)
- lacked roots and leaves
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Lepidodendron
EXTINCT LYCOPODS
WERE TALL TREES:
MAKE UP SOME OF COAL
DEPOSITS
LYCOPODS ALIVE TODAY
ARE SMALL - ALL HAVE
LYCOPHYLLS /
MICROPHYLL
- (1 VEIN, INTERCALARY
MERISTEM)
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EXTANT LYCOPHYTES
¢ Lycopodiaceae = club mosses
¢ Sellaginellaceae = spike moss
¢ Isoetaceae
— monotypic
Sporophylls- contain sporangium
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Lycopodiaceae
¢ Homosporous
Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae
¢ Heterosporous
¢ Leaf ligules
¢ Endosporic
— Gametophyte develops within the original spore wall
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HETEROSPORY
¢ Microspores- microsporangium
— numerous; relatively smaller
¢ Megaspores- megasporangium
— Fewer; relatively larger
“ligulate” lycophytes - heterosporous
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EUPHYLOPHYTES
¢ Exarch protoxylem
¢ Euphylls/ megaphyll
- apical meristem derived;
associated leaf gap
¢ cp DNA inversion
A. Monilophytes (ferns s.l.)
B. Seed plants
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EQUISETOPHYTES (EQUISETUM) -
SCOURING RUSHES / HORSETAILS
¢ Have ridged stems
¢ Whorled microphylls
¢ Silica in cell walls
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Equisetum hyemale
Common Scouring-Rush
Equisetum laevigatum
Smooth Scouring-Rush
Whorled
microphylls
Cone
(strobilus)
Equisetum arvense Common Horsetail
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PSILOPSIDS - E.G.,
PSILOTUM NUDUM WHISK BROOM
¢ Microphylls or enations (no veins)
¢ Dichotomously branched, green stems
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MARATTIALES- POLYCYCLIC
SIPHONOSTELE
MarattiaEusporangia
- Relatively large; derived from several epidermal cells;
sporangial wall surrounded by many layers of cell
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Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossum californicum Calif. Adder’s
Tongue
fertile
sterile
LEPTOSPORANGIATE FERNS
= POLYPODIALES
Leptosporangium:
- Develops from one cell
- one cell thick
- spores ejected
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spor ophyte
(2n)
gametophyte
(n)
young
spor ophyte
(2n)
sperm cell
(n)
egg cell
(n)
archegonium
antheridium
spore
(n)
rhizomesori
leptosporangium
gametophyte
(n)
annulus
spores
(n)
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Coastal Wood
Fern
indusium
covering
sorus
California Polypody
sorus
-group of
leptosporangia
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Azolla Mosquito Fern
- symbiotic relationship with blue green
bacteria
- “seeded” in rice paddies for nitrogen fixation