This presentation is from our ALST Test Prep seminar on writing. The presentation is Writing at the Graduate Level. It focuses on types of writing found in Education Graduate Programs, as well as type of writing necessary for good teachers, like lesson planning, and case studies. The presentation includes topics like Using APA Format, and research and presentation tips.

1. Writing at the Graduate
Level – Session 1
Charles J Frank
Concordia College NY
Education Department

2. Course Objectives
•Improve writing skills at the graduate
level
•Why?

3. Syllabus - Session 1
• Types of written assignments encountered in the Education program
• The Basics – how to build a strong written assignment
• APA format – overview
• Research Overview
• Review

4. Types of writing assignments encountered in
the Ed program
• Book reviews/ article analyses
• This type of assignment generally requires that you read a book or article(s) on a particular topic
and analyze it (usually using other peer-reviewed research sources). You may also be asked to
provide a reaction to what you have read.
• Literature Reviews
• These may be assigned independently, or it may be required as part of a larger assignment. Its
purpose is to provide a review of the existing research on a particular topic. It should never be
just a listing of published articles!

5. Writing Assignments, cont.
• Lesson Plan
• This may be also be required on its own, or as part of a larger assignment. The format
currently required by Concordia may be updated as necessary.
• Case Studies
• An in-depth look at a topic using a particular situation, group, or individual as the focus.
The analysis often includes a literature review, and/or a reaction piece.

6. Writing assignments, cont.
• Research Papers
• This type of assignment will ask you to examine a particular issue or topic in some
depth, with an extensive analysis. In some cases, you may be asked to actually conduct a
research project and present the results with an analysis.
• Theses
• Similar to a research paper, but in much greater depth and scope. For a Master’s thesis,
you are often required to explore an original research question, using primary and
secondary resource.

7. The Building Blocks of Strong Academic
Writing
• Strong thesis.
• Quality content organized into a logical flow. Content should demonstrate creative*
and critical thinking and support the thesis. Smooth incorporation of research.
• Correct grammar and syntax – clean “G.U.M.S.” (grammar, usage, mechanics, and
spelling)
• Academic language – vocabulary used to express complex ideas

8. What is Critical Thinking?
 Disciplined thinking that is clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence.
 The mental process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information to reach an answer
or conclusion. (dictionary.com)
Strong academic writing involves balancing Creative and Critical Thinking skills. Your written work at the graduate level should
always show clear Critical Thinking.
Adapted from Creative and Critical Thinking: Assessing the Foundations of a Liberal Education, College of Wooster

9. Writing a Paper, Step by Step
• Understand your assignment. What type of writing project is required? What does
the assignment require that you do? Is there available research on your topic?
• Begin your research into the topic. As you gather research, narrow down your topic.
• Create a thesis for your paper – or topic sentence, as needed.
• Create an outline.
• Begin your draft, and revise as necessary. Writing is a process – be prepared to
revise and re-write, possibly several times, until you are ready to finalize your paper.

10. Research tips
• Join your research and writing from the very beginning of the process.
• http://www.concordia-ny.edu/library/index.cfm
• Make technology your research assistant .
• Use the APA template reference features, citation databases, or index cards
• Some useful apps – Evernote, Drop Box, Google Drive, SkyDrive, etc.
• Remember that plagiarism can be unintentional -document all sources using the
correct APA format, and avoid plagiarism!
• http://www.apastyle.org/learn/quick-guide-on-references.aspx#In-Text

11. Creating a Strong Thesis
• With the assignment understood, and the scope of your paper narrowed
down to something manageable, develop your thesis.
• Your thesis will be the main idea upon which your paper is built.
• Use your research to build and support your thesis.
• Is your thesis clear and concise? Does it directly apply to the assignment?
Your thesis should let the reader know exactly what you will be discussing in
your work.

12. Organizing Content
• Always start with an outline! Your outline is your roadmap through your thought
process.
• The parts of a paper: introduction, body, and conclusion…and abstract and
references!
• Your outline should contain the main points of your paper, and the sub-topics that
fall under each main point. The main points should fall in logical order to support
the main idea.
• Your outline can be traditional or done as a graphic organizer; use the method that
works best.

13. Classic Outline Example
Assignment: Choose an early literacy skill component and explain its
importance.
• I – Introduction
• Thesis: Letter recognition among early elementary students is crucial to the
development of later literacy skills.
• II – What is letter recognition?
• Define the skill
• IV – How is it developed?
• V – What happens if students don’t develop it?
• VI – Conclusion

14. Graphic Outline Example
Assignment: Choose an early literacy skill component and explain its
importance.
What is
L.R.?
• The ability to
visually distinguish
one letter from
another
How is it
learned?
• Through
repetition in the
form of games or
everyday activities
What
happens
when not
learned?
• Unable to move to
next step in
literacy, phoneme
awareness
• Delayed literacy
Thesis: Letter
recognition among
early elementary
students is crucial to
the development of
later literacy skills.

15. Organizing Content, cont.
Paragraph Structure
• Build strong paragraphs – each paragraph should have a beginning, middle and end just
like the paper as a whole. Each paragraph should generally involve a particular concept
or point.
• Paragraph sequencing – does your paragraph order make sense?
• Citations/References should be included and tracked throughout paragraph writing.
• Use transitions between paragraphs and heading sections when used.

16. Transitions
• A good transition helps link the ideas discussed from paragraph to paragraph, and
from topic to topic within a writing project.
• A transition will often reference material from earlier paragraphs, and relate it to the
current paragraph with either a few words or phrases. A transition can also
introduce a new idea towards the end of a paragraph.
• Transitions provide continuity and context. Without them, a paper is disjointed.
• If it is too hard to relate the topics discussed in two paragraphs, it is possible that
the sequencing needs to be re-examined.

17. Some Common Transition Words
(Adapted from The Owl at Purdue)
• When introducing a new idea:
• Again, besides, moreover, in addition to, etc.
• When comparing concepts:
• However, in contrast, although, by comparison
• To demonstrate time/chronology:
• Previously, thereafter, finally, etc.
• To lead into a summary or conclusion:
• To conclude, consequently, as has been noted, accordingly

18. Using APA Format to Organize Your Paper
• APA format is a wonderful tool for organizing your work
• Use headings in APA format where appropriate to group related sub-topics;
this often means that your main outline points will correspond to a heading
level or sub-level.
• Remember that transitions are important between sections as well!
• C:UsersJOneDriveAPA template for presentation.docx

19. Literature Review
• Literature reviews can and often do stand on their own as a separate piece of writing; but
can also be an important part of a larger research or thesis paper. It often appears in the
introduction section in a shorter paper, or it may have its own subsection in a larger paper.
• A literature review as a standalone paper is a survey or collection of existing information on
a particular topic; and it provides a foundation for new ideas or research on a topic. It
should both summarize and synthesize the information presented.
• No "bullet-point" paragraphs; instead the sources cited and discussed should be used to
advance the narrative

20. Literature Reviews Within a Larger Paper
• A Literature Review is often used as part of a larger paper, usually a research
paper. Some of the questions this type of literature review should answer
within your paper (within a separate heading section, as per APA guidelines)
are:
• What is the significance of your research topic? Why is your research topic important
to the overall field of education?
• Where does your research topic fit within the context of the larger body of existing
research? What research has been done before on the topic, if any, and what did that
research reveal?

21. Literature Review Examples
• Review some examples of literature reviews in peer-reviewed articles
• Note how the review fits in to the larger paper
• http://ezproxy.concordia-ny.edu:2056/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=fa55bbbd-
764b-4a16-98a2-1d177f63ce53%40sessionmgr4001&vid=11&hid=4212

22. Creating Your Abstract
• An abstract should be a concise summary of your paper, preferably using
keywords.
• http://ezproxy.concordia-ny.edu:2056/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=fa55bbbd-764b-
4a16-98a2-
1d177f63ce53%40sessionmgr4001&hid=4212&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ
%3d%3d#db=ehh&AN=96190876
• It should explain your main idea, with conclusions, without re-writing the
whole paper. This means it must be written after the paper is completed.
• Add it into your paper using APA format.

23. Academic Language – A Brief Overview
• What is Academic Language?
• “…words, grammar, and organizational strategies used to describe complex ideas, higher-
order thinking processes, and abstract concepts.” (Zwiers, 2008)
• Where and how should it be used?
• Should be integrated within your work, and should be included in lesson plans, when
applicable
• Bloom’s taxonomy – a means of breaking down the language we use to gather,
comprehend, and synthesize information in a learning environment
• http://teaching.uncc.edu/learning-resources/articles-books/best-practice/goals-
objectives/writing-objectives

24. Creating a Thesis - Exercise
• What is the assignment you are currently working on?
• How can you narrow down the topic?
• Come up with a thesis statement or topic sentence for your assignment
• Working in groups, evaluate your thesis and those of your group members
• Be constructive and positive!

25. Rough Outline Exercise
• Put together a rough outline for the thesis you composed earlier
• We’ll discuss the outlines in our groups.

26. Using the Library
• Introduction to Concordia Resources – library research walk-thru
• http://www.concordia-ny.edu/library/index.cfm
• Remember when searching for journal articles – don’t just search the education journal
databases! There is a lot of information dealing with education-related topics that can be
found within the psychology, sociology, and sometimes even biology databases. Cross-
discipline research can be very helpful!
• Online Research outside of Library
• Google Scholar to locate peer-reviewed articles
• www.googlescholar.com

27. Presenting Your Work
• A strong outline should make creating a presentation simple - your main
headings are often a great guide for your slides
• Try for visual appeal without distracting from your content
• Polish your public speaking skills – body language, enunciation, clarity
• Take your time, don’t rush through
• Knowing your stuff makes it easier! Be an expert.

28. Useful Links for Writing Resources
• Purdue University Writing Resources – “The Owl”
• https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
• apastyle.org
• University of Toronto Writing Center
• http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice
• Quick grammar reference website:
• http://www.grammarbook.com/english_rules.asp