IoT Communication and Protocols Guide

18CST63 – Mobile Communication and IoT
By
Mr.S.Selvaraj
Asst. Professor(SRG) / CSE
Kongu Engineering College
Unit II – Introduction to IoT

Contents
1. Introduction to Internet of Things
2. Definition and Characteristics of IoT
3. Physical Design of IoT
4. IoT Protocols
5. IoT Communication Models
6. IoT Communication APIs
7. IoT enabled Technologies
8. IoT Levels and Templates
9. Domain Specific IoT
10.IoT and M2M
11.IoT Platform Design Methodologies
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Introduction to IoT

Text Book
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1. Introduction to IoT
• IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are
connected to the internet.
• The focus on IoT is in
– Configuration
– Control and
– Networking via the Internet of devices or things that are
traditionally not associated with the internet.
• Devices such as
– Thermostats
– Utility meter
– A Bluetooth connected headset
– Irrigation pumps and sensors
– Control circuits for an electric car’s engine
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Introduction to IoT

• IoT is driven by the following advancements
– Sensor networks
– Mobile Devices
– Wireless Communication
– Networking
– Cloud Computing
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Introduction to IoT

• In 2020:
– Population of India in billion ------- ????
– World Population in billion --------?????????
– IoT Devices Population ------- ?
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Introduction to IoT

• The scope of IoT is not limited to just
connecting things (devices, appliances,
machines) to the internet.
• IoT allows the things to communicate and
exchange data(D).
• Data itself does not have a meaning until it is
processed into useful information(I).
• The information is then organized and
structured into knowledge(K).
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Introduction to IoT

1. Data – Information – Knowledge
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Introduction to IoT

1. DIK - Example
• Example 1:
• Consider a series of raw sensor measurements ((72,45); (84,56)) generated by
a weather monitoring station, which by themselves do not have any meaning
or context. (Data)
• For example, ((72,45),(84,56))
• To give meaning to the data, a context is added, which in this example can be
that each tuple in data represents the temperature and humidity measured
every minute. Further information is obtained by categorizing, condensing or
processing this data. (Information)
• For example, the average temperature and humidity readings for last 5
minutes.
• The next step is to organize the information and understand the relationships
between pieces of information to infer knowledge which can be put into
action. (Knowledge)
• For example, an alert is raised if the average temperature in last five minutes
exceeds 120F, and the alert may be conditioned on the users geographical
area as well.
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Introduction to IoT

1. Applications of IoT
• Homes
– Smart Lighting, Smart Appliances, IDS,
SSD, etc.
• Cities
– Smart Parking System, Smart Roads,
• Environment
– WMS,ANP,FFD,RFDS
• Energy Systems
– Smart Grids,
• Retail
– IMS, Smart Payments, SVM
• Logistics
– SCM, Smart Location Management
System
• Industry
– Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis
System, IAQS
• Agriculture
– Smart Irrigation
• Health
– HFMS
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2.Definition and Characteristics of IoT
• IoT Definition:
• A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical
attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent
interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, often communicate data
associated with users and their environments.

2.Definition and Characteristics of IoT
• Characteristics of IoT:
– Dynamic & Self-Adapting
– Self-Configuring
– Interoperable Communication Protocols
– Unique Identity
– Integrated into Information Network

1. Dynamic and Self - Adapting
• IoT devices and systems may have the capability
to dynamically adapt with the changing context
and take actions based on their operating
conditions, users context or sensed
environment.
• For Example,
– Surveillance cameras
• Adapt their modes (Normal and IR Mode).
• Switch from lower resolution to higher resolution modes.
• Alerting nearby cameras.

2. Self Configuring
• IoT devices allowing a large number of devices to
work together to provide certain functionality
(Ex. Weather Monitoring System)
• IoT devices are able to
– Configure themselves
– Setup the networking
– Fetch latest software upgrades

3. Interoperable Communication Protocols
• IoT Devices may support number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other
devices and also with the infrastructure.
• Example Communication Protocols,
– LR-WPAN (IEEE 802.15.4) – Low Rate Wireless Personal Area
Network (Zigbee, Z-Wave, WirelessHART, MiWi)
– BLE (IEEE 802.15.1) – Bluetooth Low Energy
– WiFi-HaLow (IEEE 802.11ah) – Low Power Long Range version of WiFi
IEEE 802.11
– LoRaWAN – low power Long Range Wide Area Network
– 6LoWPAN – IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network
– WiFi (IEEE 802.11) – Wireless Fidelity
– WiMax (IEEE 802.16) – Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access
– 2G/ 3G/ 4G LTE – Long Term Evolution

4. Unique Identity
• IoT device has unique identity and a unique
identifier. (Identifier means IP address or URI)
• IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces,
which allow users to
– Query the device
– Monitor the device status
– Control the device remotely

5. Integrated into Information Network
• Integration allows the IoT devices to communicate and
exchange data with other devices and systems.
• Integration helps in making IoT systems “smarter” due
to the collective intelligence of individual devices in
collaboration with the infrastructure.
• Example: Weather Monitoring System

3.0 Physical Design of IoT
• “Things” – IoT devices with unique identities
and can perform the following tasks:
– Remote sensing
– Actuating
– Monitoring capabilities

IoT Devices Capabilities
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications
(directly or indirectly), or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application
back-ends for processing the data, or
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints (i.e
Memory)

IoT Device Interfaces
• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for
connections to other devices, both wired and wireless.
– I/O interfaces for sensors and actuators
– Interfaces for Internet connectivity
– Memory interfaces
– Storage interfaces
– Audio/video interfaces.

Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Devices
• UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
• SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
• I2C – Inter Integrated Circuit
• CAN – Controller Area Network
• USB – Universal Serial Bus
• RJ45 – Registered Jack
• NAND/NOR – Negated AND / OR
• DDR - Double Data Rate
• SD – Secure Digital
• MMC – Multi Media Card
• SDIO – Secure Digital Input and Output
• HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface
• 3.5 mm – Headphone Jack (3.5 mm)
• RCA – Radio Corporation of America
• CPU – Central Processing Unit
• GPU – Graphics Processing Unit

Block Diagram of Raspberry Pi 3 Model

Steps for IoT Device Usage
• Step 1: Collects various types of data from the on-board or
attached sensors. For example,
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Light intensity
– Motion
• Step 2: Sensed data can be communicated to other devices or
cloud-based servers/storage.
• Step 3: Perform some tasks using Actuators.
– Actuator is actually a device that transforms a certain form of energy
into motion.
– Actuator allow IoT devices to interact with other physical entities
(including Non-IoT devices or systems) in the vicinity of the device.
• For example,
– Relay switch connected to IoT device turning an appliance on/off
based on commands sent to IoT device over Internet.

Sensors and Actuators

Examples: Sensor to Actuator Flow

Working of IoT devices
• All IoT devices generate data (some form), When processed by data
analytics system leads to useful information to guide further actions
locally or remotely.
• For Example, Sensor data generated by soil moisture monitoring
device in a garden, when processed can help in determining the
optimum watering schedules.

Types of IoT Devices
• Home Appliances
• Amazon Echo (Alexa)
• Smart Refrigerators
• Smartphone's & Computers
• Wearable Electronics
• Smart watches
• Fitness trackers
• Smart Shoes
• Automobiles
• Fleet Management
• Smart Parking
• Energy Systems
• Smart Metering
• Smart Grid
• Retail Payment Systems
• Amazon Go
• Printers
• Industrial Machines
• Healthcare Systems
• Surveillance Cameras

How many Layers are Present in
OSI Model & TCP/IP Model?

4.0 IoT Protocols

4.0 IoT Protocols
Link Layer
 802.3 – Ethernet
 802.11 – WiFi
 802.16 – WiMax
 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
 2G/3G/4G - Cellular
Network/Internet Layer
 IPv4
 IPv6
 6LoWPAN
Transport Layer
 TCP
 UDP
Application Layer
 HTTP
 CoAP
 WebSocket
 MQTT
 XMPP
 DDS
 AMQP

Link Layer Protocols
• Link Layer Responsibilities:
– Determine how the data is physically sent over the
network’s physical layer or medium (Wired/Wireless).
– Scope of LL – local network connection to which host
is attached.
– Determines how the packets are coded and signaled
by h/w device over the medium to which the host is
attached.

LL Protocol - IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet
• Collection of wired Ethernet standards
• Provide data rates from 10 Mbps to 40 Gbps
Standards Type Medium Data Rate
802.3 10BASE 2/5 Coaxial cable 10 Mbps
802.3i 10BASE – T Copper twisted pair 10 Mbps
802.3j 10BASE - F Fiber optics 10 Mbps
802.3u 100BASE- TX / T4/ FX Copper Twisted Pair
/ Fiber optics
100 Mbps
802.3z 1000BASE- X Fiber optics 1000 Mbps
802.3ae 10GBASE – SR/LR/ER Fiber optics 10 Gbps
802.3bm 40G Ethernet Fiber optics 40Gbps

LL Protocol - IEEE 802.11- WiFi
• Collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication standards
• Provides data rates from 1 Mbps to 6.75 Gbps
Standards Bands Data Rate
802.11a 5GHz 1 – 54 Mbps
802.11b 2.4GHz 1 – 54 Mbps
802.11g 2.4GHz 1 – 54 Mbps
802.11n 2.4/5GHz 300 – 600 Mbps
802.11ac 5GHz 300 Mbps – 3.5 Gbps
802.11ad 60GHz 6.75 Gbps
802.11aj 60GHz 15 Gbps
802.11ay 60GHz 20 Gbps

LL Protocol - IEEE 802.16 - WiMax
• Collection of wireless broadband standards
• Provide data rates from 1.5 Mbps to 1 Gbps
• 802.16m - 100Mb/s for Mobile stations
- 1 Gb/s for Fixed stations

LL Protocol - IEEE 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• Collection of standards for Low-Rate Wireless Personal
Area Networks (LR-WPANs).
• Provide low-cost and low-speed communication for
power- constrained devices
• Basis of spec for high level comm. Protocol such as,
– Zigbee
– WirelessHART
– MiWi
– Z-Wave
• Provides data rates from 40 Kbps to 250 Kbps

LL Protocol - 2G/3G/4G – Cellular
• 2G – GSM,CDMA
• 3G – UMTS,CDMA2000
• 4G – LTE
• IoT devices using these standards communicate over
cellular networks
• Provides data rates from 9.6Kbps (2G) to 100 Mbps(4G)

• Network Layer Responsibilities:
– Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from
source network to the destination network.
– Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
• Source N/W  Datagrams (SA,DA)  Destination N/w
– Host Identification is done using hierarchical IP
addressing schemes (IPv4/IPv6).

N/w Layer protocol - IPv4
• Used to identify the devices on a network using a
hierarchical addressing scheme.
• Uses 32- bit address scheme that allows total of
232 or 4,294,967,296 addresses.
• succeeded by IPv6.
• Establish connections on packet networks, but
not guarantee delivery of packets.

N/w Layer protocol - IPv6
• Newest version of IP.
• Uses 128-bit address scheme.
• It allows total of 2128 or 3.4 x 1038

N/w Layer protocol - 6LoWPAN
• Brings IP Protocol to the low-power devices which
have limited processing capacity.
• Operates in the 2.4GHz frequency range.
• Provides data transfer of 250Mb/s.
• Works with 802.15.4 link layer protocol.
• Defines compression mechanisms for IPv6
datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4 based netwoks.

Transport Layer
• Transport Layer Responsibilities:
– It Provides end-to-end message transfer capability.
– This capability can be achieved by setting up on
connections,
• Using handshake (TCP)
• Without using handshake (UDP)
– Transport layer provides functions such as,
• Error Control
• Segmentation
• Flow Control
• Congestion Control

Transport Layer Protocol - TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol
• Most Widely Used Transport layer protocol
• Used by
– Web browsers (HTTP/HTTPS)
– Email (SMTP)
– File Transfer (FTP)
• It is a connection oriented and stateful protocol.
• It ensures reliable transfers.
• It is also provides Error Control, Flow Control and
Congestion Control Capabilities.

Transport Layer Protocol - UDP
• User Datagram Protocol
• Its useful for time-sensitive applications
• Used by
– Multimedia Applications (Video Conferencing, Video
Streaming)
– Multicast and Broadcast Messages (ARP)
– Domain Name Service (DNS)
• It is a connectionless (Transaction Oriented) and stateless
protocol.
• It doesn’t provide guarantee for data delivery, ordering of
message and duplicate elimination; so it provides
unreliable transfers.
• It doesn't provide Error Control, Flow Control and
Congestion Control Capabilities.

Application Layer
• Application Layer Responsibilities:
– It defines how the applications interface with the
lower layer protocols to send the data over the
network.
– The application data is encoded by application layer
protocols.
– Application layer protocols enables process-to-
process connections using ports.
– Port numbers are used for application addressing. For
example, HTTP- 80, SSH – 22.

Application Layer Protocols
• HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
– GET,PUT,POST,DELETE,HEAD, TRACE,OPTION,etc
– Request-Response Model
– Stateless Protocol
– It uses URIs (URL,URN,etc)
– It uses TCP protocol
• CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)
– It is for Machine-to-Machine(M2M) Applications.
– i.e, Constrained environments with constrained devices and
constrained networks.
– It is also uses Request-Response Model.
– IT uses UDP protocol.
– It supports GET, PUT, POST and DELETE methods.

• WebSocket
– It allows full duplex communication over a single
socket connection for sending a messages b/w Client
and Server.
– It uses TCP.
• MQTT (Message Query Telemetry Transport)
– It is a Light-weight messaging protocol.
– It uses Publish – Subscribe Model.
– It is well suited for constrained environments where
the devices have limited processing and memory
resources and the n/w bandwidth is low.

• XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
– It is for real-time communication b/w IoT devices and streaming
XML data.
– It uses in messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming, multi-
party chart and voice/video calls.
• DDS (Data Distributed Service)
– It is a data centric Middleware standard for Device-to Device or
M2M Comm.
– It uses Publish – Subscribe Model.
– It Provide QoS Control and Configurable Reliability.
• AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)
– It is open application layer protocol for business messaging.
– It supports Point-to-Point, Publish – Subscribe Model, Routing and
Queuing.

5.0 Logical Design of IoT
• Logical Design means “abstract
representation of the entities and processes
without going into the low-level specifics of
the implementation”.
• Let discuss about,
– Functional Blocks of IoT System
– IoT Communication Models

Functional Blocks of IoT
• An IoT system comprises of a number of
functional blocks that provide the system
the capabilities for
• Identification
• Sensing
• Actuation
• Communication and
• Management.
• Device: It Provides sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions.
• Communication: It handles the communication for the IoT System.
• Services: Services for device monitoring, device control, data publishing
and device discovery.
• Management: It provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
• Security: Secures the IoT system and provide functions such as
authentication, authorization, message integrity and data security.
• Application: It provides an interface that the user can use to control and
monitor various aspects of IoT System.

IoT Communication Models
• There are four types of IoT communication
models available.
– Request-Response communication model
– Publish-Subscribe communication model
– Push-Pull communication model
– Exclusive Pair communication model

Request-Response communication model
• In this model, the client sends requests to the server and
the server responds to the requests.
• When the server receives a request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource
representations, prepares the response, and then sends the
response to the client.
• It is a stateless communication model.

Publish-Subscribe communication model
• This model involves publishers, brokers and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to
the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are
not aware of the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by
the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from the
publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.

Push-Pull communication model
• In this model, the data producers push the data to queues
and the consumers pull the data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the
producers and consumers.
• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when
there is a mismatch between the rate at which the
producers push data and the rate at which the consumers
pull data.

Exclusive Pair communication model
• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model that
uses a persistent connection
between the client and
server.
• Once the connection is setup
it remains open until the
client sends a request to
close the connection.
• Client and server can send
messages to each other after
connection setup.

6.0 IoT Communication APIs
• An Application Program Interface (API) is a set of
routines, protocols, and tools for building software
applications.
• API specifies how software components should
interact.
• Two Communication APIs,
– REST – Based Communication APIs
– WebSocket – Based Communication APIs

REST – Based Communication APIs
• Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which you can design web
services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources
and how resource states are addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the request response communication
model.
• The REST architectural constraints apply to the
components, connectors, and data elements, within a
distributed hypermedia system.

REST – Based Communication APIs
• The REST architectural constraints are as follows:
– Client – Server : Separation, Independent
– Stateless : Session state is kept entirely on the client
– Cache-able : Improve efficiency and scalability.
– Layered System : Intermediate Systems
– Uniform Interface : Method of communication
– Code on demand : Server can provide executable
code for clients. (It is optional)

Communication b/w Client and Server using
REST APIs
• RESTful Web Service:
– It is a Web API implemented using HTTP and
REST principles.
– It is a collection of resources which are
represented by URIs.
– It has a base URI. (Ex: http://example.com/api)
– Client send requests to these URIs using HTTP
methods ( GET,PUT, POST or DELETE).
– It can support various Internet media types
(JSON).
– IPSO Alliance has published and application
framework that defines a RESTful Design.

Interaction in the Request – Response Model
used by REST

HTTP Methods

Websocket – Based Communication APIs
• WebSocket APIs allow bidirectional, full duplex
communication between clients and servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication
model.
• Websockets reduces the network traffic and latency
(no overhead for connection setup and termination for
each message)
• Websockets is suitable for IoT applications that have low
latency or high throughput requirements.

Websocket – Based Communication APIs

Difference between REST and WebSocket-
based Communication APIs

7.0 IoT Enabling Technologies
• Wireless Sensor Network
• Cloud Computing
• Big Data Analytics
• Communication Protocols
• Embedded Systems
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WSN
• Distributed Devices with sensors used to
monitor the environmental and physical
conditions
• Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers
or coordinators too
• Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts
as gateway that connects WSN to internet
• Routers route the data packets from end nodes
to coordinators.
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Example of WSNs in IoT & Protocols
used
Example
•Weather monitoring system
•Indoor Air quality monitoring system
•Soil moisture monitoring system
•Surveillance systems
• Smart Grids
•Health monitoring systems
• Protocols
•Zigbee
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Zigbee
• Based on IEEE 802.15.4
• Operates at 2.4 GHz frequency
• Offers data rate from 10 to 100 meters
depending on power o/p and environmental
conditions
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Advantages of WSN
• Power of WSN – number of low-cost and lo-
power sensing nodes
• Self organizing networks – makes n/w robust-
recovers (reconfigure itself) from failures and
adding new nodes.
• Since large no. of nodes in WSN – Manual
config. not possible
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Cloud Computing
• Deliver applications and services over
internet
•Provides computing, networking and storage
resources on demand
•Cloud computing performs services:
– IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
– PaaS (Platform as a Service)
– SaaS (Software as a Service)
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Cloud Services
IAAS : Rent Infrastructure
• cloud-based services, pay-as-you-go for services
such as storage, networking, and virtualization.
•PAAS : supply an on-demand environment for
developing, testing, delivering and managing
software applications.
• hardware and software tools available over the
internet.
•SAAS : method for delivering software applications
over the Internet, on demand and typically on a
subscription basis.
• software that’s available via a third-party over the
internet.
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SAAS
• BigCommerce
• Google Apps
• Salesforce
• Dropbox
• MailChimp
• ZenDesk
• DocuSign
• Slack
• Hubspot.
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IAAS
• DigitalOcean
• Linode
• Rackspace
• Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Cisco Metapod
• Microsoft Azure
• Google Compute Engine (GCE)
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PAAS
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk
• Windows Azure
• Heroku
• Force.com
• Google App Engine
• Apache Stratos
• OpenShift
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Big Data Analytics
• Collection of data whose volume,
velocity or variety is too large
and difficult to store, manage,
process and analyze the data
using traditional databases.
• It involves data cleansing,
processing and visualization
• Lots of data is being collected and
warehoused
• Web data, e-commerce
• purchases at department/ grocery
stores
• Bank/Credit Card transactions
• Social Network
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Big Data Analytics
• Variety includes different types of data
•Structured -Relational data.
•Unstructured – Word,PDF,Media logs
•SemiStructured - XML data
•All of above (text data, image,audio,video,sensor
data)
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Big Data Analytics
• Velocity refers to speed at which data is
processed
•Batch
•Real-time
•STreams
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Big Data Analytics
• Volume refers to the amount of data
• Terabyte
•Records
•Transactions
•Files
•Tables
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Communication Protocols
• Form the backbone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and coupling of
applications
• Protocols define
– Data exchange formats,data encoding
schemes,addressing schemes routing of packets
from source to destination
– Sequence control, flow control retransmission of
packets
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Embedded Systems
• Computer system that has computer
hardware and software embedded to perform
specific tasks
• Designed to perform specific tasks
• Components of embedded system
– Microprocessor/Microcontroller
– Memory(RAM,ROM,cache..)
– Networking Units(Ethernet,Wi-Fi adapter)
– I/O Units(display,Keyboard..)
– Storage(Flash memory)
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Embedded systems
• Digital watches
• Digital cameras
• Vending Machines,
• Appliances(Washing Machines,Microwave
oven…)
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8.0 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
 IOT System Components
 IoT Level 1
 IoT Level 2
 IoT Level 3
 IoT Level 4
 IoT Level 5
 IoT Level 6
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IOT System Components
An IoT system comprises the following components:
1. Device
2. Resource
3. Controller Service
4. Database
5. Web Service
6. Analysis Component
7. Application
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Device
Device:
An IoT device allows identification, remote
sensing, actuating and remote monitoring
capabilities.
• Wearable Sensors
• Smart Watches
• LED lights
• Automobiles
• Industrial Machines
.
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IoT Devices
Amazon Echo Plus
August Doorbell Cam
Kuri Mobile Robot
Footbot Air Quality Monitor
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Resource
Resource:
Resources are software components on the IoT
device for
accessing, processing, and storing sensor
information, or controlling actuators
connected to the device.
Resources also include the software
components that enable network access for
the device.
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Controller Service
Controller Service:
• Controller service is a native service that runs
on the device and interacts with the web
services.
• Controller service sends data from the device
to the web service and receives commands
from the application (via web services) for
controlling the device
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Database
Database:
• Database can be either local or in the cloud
and stores the data generated by the IoT
device.
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Web Service
Web Service:
• Web services serve as a link between the IoT
device, application, database and analysis
components.
• Web service can be implemented using HTTP
and REST principles (REST service) or using the
WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
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Analysis Component
Analysis Component:
• This is responsible for analyzing the IoT data
and generating results in a form that is easy
for the user to understand.
• Analysis of IoT data can be performed either
locally or in the cloud.
• Analyzed results stored in local or cloud
database.
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Application
Application:
• provide an interface
that the users can use
to control and monitor
various aspects of the
IoT system.
• allow users to view the
system status and the
processed data.
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IoT Level-1
• A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device
that
– performs sensing and/or actuation
– stores data
– performs analysis and hosts the application
• Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling
low cost and low-complexity solutions where
– the data involved is not big
– the analysis requirements are not computationally
intensive.
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IoT Level-1 Example – Home Automation
• The system consists of a single node that allows controlling the lights and
appliances in home remotely.
• Electronic relay switch is used to interface the devices.
• Status information of each lights and appliances is maintained in a local
database.
• Application is deployed locally.
• This level consists of air conditioner, temperature sensor, data collection and
analysis and control & monitoring app.
– The data sensed in stored locally.
– The data analysis is done locally.
– Monitoring & Control is done using Mobile app or web app.
– The data generated in this level application is not huge.
– All the control actions are performed through internet.
• Example
– Room temperature is monitored using temperature sensor and data is stored/
analyzed locally.
– Based on analysis made, control action is triggered using mobile app or it can just
help in status monitoring.
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IoT Level-1 Example – Home Automation

IoT Level-2
• A level-2 IoT system has a single node that
performs sensing and/or actuation and local
analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is
usually cloud-based.
• Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions
where
– the data involved is big
– the primary analysis requirement is not
computationally intensive and can be done locally
itself.
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IoT Level-2
• consists of air conditioner, temperature sensor, Big
data (Bigger than level -1, data analysis done here) ,
cloud and control & monitoring app.
• level-2 is complex compare to level-1.
• rate of sensing is faster compare to level-1.
• level- 2 has voluminous size of data  cloud
storage is used.
• Data analysis is carried out locally. Cloud is used
for only storage purpose.
• Based on data analysis, control action is triggered
using web app or mobile app.
• Examples: Agriculture applications, room freshening
solutions based on odour sensors etc.
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IoT – Level 2 Example
Smart Irrigation
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Level 3
• A level-3 IoT system has a single node.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and
application is cloud based.
where
– the data involved is big and
– the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive.
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Level 3 Example – Tracking Package Handling
• The system consists of a single node. (package).
• That monitors the vibration levels for a package being
shipped.
• The device in this system uses accelerometer and
gyroscope sensors for monitoring vibration levels.
• The controller system sends the sensor data to the
cloud using web sockets.
• The data stored in the cloud and visualized using cloud
based application.
• The analysis components in the cloud can trigger
alerts if the vibration levels greater than the threshold.

Accelerometer Sensor
• Accelerometers are electromechanical devices that
measure acceleration, the rate of change in velocity of an
object. In other words, it’s devices used to respond to any
vibrations associated with movement.
• Uses:
– Compass/Map applications on your smartphone devices
(iPhones, Andriod, etc.) through axis based sensing
– Tilt sensing; iPhone uses an accelerometer to sense whether
the phone is being held in portrait or landscape mode
– Earthquake detection
– Fall sensing
– Medical devices such as artificial body parts
– Fitness trackers/wearables
– Games/applications that require motion sensing (Wii, Kinect,
etc.)
• Note: Accelerometers are most commonly used to detect
position, velocity, vibration, and to determine orientation.

Gyroscope Sensor
• Gyroscope is a device used for measuring rotational
changes or maintaining orientation. It’s based on the
principle of preserving angular momentum.
• A typical gyroscope contains a rotor that’s
suspended inside three rings called the gimbals.
• It works through the precession effect, allowing
gyroscopes to defy gravity when the spin-axis is
rotated. This means that instead of falling over from
the force of gravity, it automatically adjusts itself
sideways.
• Uses:
– Aircrafts
– Space stations
– Stability in vehicles; motorcycles, ships
– Inertial guidance systems
– Consumer electronics through MEMS gyroscopes
(Most mid-range to higher-end Andriod phones)

Level 4
• A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform
local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-
based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes
which can subscribe to and receive information
collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where
– multiple nodes are required,
– the data involved is big and
– the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

Level 4 Example – Noise Monitoring
• The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different
locations.
• Nodes are equipped with sound sensor.
• Nodes are independent of each other.
• Each node runs its own controller service that sends the
data to the cloud.
• The data is stored in cloud database.
• The analysis of data collected from a number of nodes is
done in the cloud.
• A cloud based application is used for visualizing the
aggregated data.

Level 5
• A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one
coordinator node.
• The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
• Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes
and sends to the cloud.
• Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and
application is cloud-based.
– based on wireless sensor networks, in which the data
involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.

Level 6
• A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes
that perform sensing and/or actuation and send data to the
cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
• The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the
results in the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with the cloud-based
Application.
• The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the
end nodes and sends control commands to the nodes.

Level 6 Example – Weather Monitoring System
• The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different
locations for monitoring temperature, humidity and
pressure in an area.
• The end nodes are equipped with various sensors,
– Temperature
– Pressure
– Humidity
• The end nodes send the data to the cloud in real time using
websockets.
• The data stored in cloud database.
• The analysis of data is done in the cloud to aggregate the
data and make predictions.
• Cloud based application is used for visualizing the data.

9.0 Domain Specific IoT – Home Automation
• Refer PDF File

10.0 Machine – to - Machine (M2M)
• Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers
networking of machines (devices) for the
purpose of
– Remote Monitoring and Control
– Data Exchange.
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Introduction to IoT

M2M Architecture
• M2M Systems Comprising of 4 parts,
– M2M Area Network
– M2M Core Network (Communication Network)
– M3M Gateways
– M2M Applications

M2M Area Network
• M2M Area Network comprises of machines (or M2M
Nodes) which have embedded hardware modules for
– Sensing
– Actuation
– Communication
• Various Communication Protocols can be used for
M2M LAN such as Zigbee, Bluetooth, ModBus, M-Bus,
Wireless M-Bus, Power Line Communication(PLC),
6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4, etc.
• These Communication Protocols provide connectivity
between M2M Nodes within an M2M area network.

M2M Core Network(Communication N/w)
• The communication network provides connectivity to
remote M2M area networks.
• The communication network can use either wired or
wireless networks (IP-based).
• While the M2M area networks use either proprietary
or non-IP based communication protocols, the
communication network uses IP-based networks.
• Since non-IP based protocols are used within M2M
area networks, the M2M nodes within one network
cannot communicate with nodes in an external
network.

M2M Gateways
• To enable the communication between remote M2M area networks, M2M
gateways are used.
• The communication between the M2M nodes and the M2M Gateway is
based on the communication protocols which are native to the M2M area
networks.
• M2M gateways performs protocol translations to enable IP-connectivity
for M2M Area Networks.
• M2M gateway act as a proxy performing translations from/to native
protocols to/from Internet Protocol(IP).
• With M2M gateway, each node in an M2M area network appears as
virtualized node for external M2M area networks.

M2M Application
• M2M data is gathered into point
solutions such as
– Enterprise Applications
– Service Management Applications
– Remote Monitoring Applications
• M2M has various application domains
such as
– Smart Metering
– Home Automation
– Industrial Automation
– Smart Grids, etc.
• M2M solution designs (such as data
collection, storage architecture and
applications) are specific to the M2M
application domain.

Difference between M2M and IoT
• Both M2M and IoT involve networking of
machines or devices, but differ in
– Technology
– System Architecture
– Types of Applications
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M2M vs IoT
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Difference in M2M and IoT
• Machines vs Things
• Hardware vs Software
• Data Collection & Analysis
• Applications
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Communication in IoT vs M2M
M2M IOT
M2M uses either proprietary or non-
IP based communication protocols
within M2M area networks and M2M
communication network uses IP-based
networks.
IoT uses IP based communication
protocols.
Focus of Communication in M2M –
below network layer.
Focus of Communication in IoT -
above network layer.
M2M commonly uses Zigbee,
Bluetooth, ModBus, M-Bus, Wireless
M-Bus, Power Line communication
(PLC), 6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4, etc
IoT Commonly uses HTTP, CoAP,
Websockets, MQTT, XMPP, DDS,
AMQP, TCP, UDP,etc.
It supports Point-to-Point
Communication.
It supports Cloud Communication.
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Communication in IoT vs M2M
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Introduction to IoT

Machines in M2M vs Things in IoT
Machines in M2M Things in IOT
M2M uses homogeneous
machine types within a M2M area
network .
IoT systems can have heterogeneous
things.
(Ex: HA includes Fire Alarm, Door
Alarm, Lighting Control, etc)
Machines in M2Mrefers
to two machines “communicating,”
or exchanging data, without human
interfacing or interaction.
Things in IoT refers to physical objects
that have unique identifiers and can
sense and communicate with their
external network. (Ex for UI: IP Address,
MAC Address)
M2M have hardware
components to communicate.
Things have Software Components for
accessing, processing, and storing sensor
information, or controlling actuators.
It is less scalable It is more scalable
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Introduction to IoT

Hardware vs Software Emphasis
M2M IOT
The emphasis of M2M is more
on hardware with embedded
modules
The emphasis of IoT is more on
software and less on hardware.
Minimal Software Usage IoT devices run specialized software for
sensor data collection, data analysis and
interfacing with cloud.
Data Collection in M2M is tiny. Data collected in IoT is massive, cloud
based analysis is used.
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Introduction to IoT

Data Collection & Analysis
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in
on-premises storage infrastructure.
– Point Solution means, Solving one particular problem
without regard to related issues. Point solutions are widely
used to fix a problem or implement a new service quickly.
• IoT data is collected in the cloud (can be public, private
or hybrid cloud).
– Cloud based analysis
– Cloud based storage
– Cloud based application
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Introduction to IoT

On-premises
• “On premises” also referred to as “on-premise,” “on-
premises,” or “on-prem,” is a method of deploying software.
With on-prem, the computer programs are installed right on
the user’s computer through CDs or USB drives.
• Whereas with off-premise, the installer can be anywhere on
the Web.
• Many companies opt for on-prem because it doesn’t require
third-party access, gives owners physical control over the
server hardware and software, and does not require them to
pay month after month for access.
• Example:
• Think of how you buy your fast food meal. You could buy it and
eat it “on premise” at the fast food restaurant. Or you can call
and order your meal, and have it delivered to your home.
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Introduction to IoT

Applications
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and can
be accessed by on-premises applications such as
– diagnosis applications
– service management applications, and
– on-premises enterprise applications.
• IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be
accessed by cloud applications such as
– IoT analytics applications
– enterprise applications
– remote diagnosis and management applications, etc.
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Introduction to IoT

Final Words
• In a nutshell, both technologies enable machines to
communicate, collect, store, and exchange data;
autonomously make corresponding decisions; and
perform tasks with very minimal human
intervention.
• However, M2M and IoT are not synonymous. They
are different solutions for the enterprise.
• M2M and IoT primarily vary in terms of how they
achieve connectivity, what they aim to connect,
how scalable they are, and how data is utilized.
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Introduction to IoT

11.0 IoT Platform Design Methodology
• IoT system comprises of multiple components and
deployment tires.
• In unit 1, we defined six IoT system levels.
• Each level is suited for different applications and has
different component and deployment configurations.
• Designing of IoT systems can be a complex and
challenging task as these systems involve interactions
between various components such as
– IoT devices and network resources
– Web services
– Analytics components
– Application and
– Database servers

Outline
• IoT Design Methodology that includes:
– Purpose & Requirements Specification
– Process Specification
– Domain Model Specification
– Information Model Specification
– Service Specifications
– IoT Level Specification
– Functional View Specification
– Operational View Specification
– Device & Component Integration
– Application Development

Steps involved in IoT System design methodology

Step 1: Purpose & Requirement Specification
• The first step in IoT system design methodology is to
define the purpose and requirements of the system.
• In this step, the system purpose, behavior and
requirements are captured.
• Requirements are such as
– Data collection requirements
– Data analysis requirements
– System management requirements
– Data privacy and security requirements
– User interface requirements

Step 2: Process Specification
• The second step in the IoT design methodology is
to define the process specification.
• In this step, the use cases of the IoT system are
formally described based on and derived from
the purpose and requirement specifications.

Step 3: Domain Model Specification
• The third step in the IoT design methodology is to define
the Domain Model.
• The domain model describes the main concepts, entities
and objects in the domain of IoT system to be designed.
• Domain model defines the attributes of the objects and
relationships between objects.
• Domain model provides an abstract representation of the
concepts, objects and entities in the IoT domain,
independent of any specific technology or platform.
• With the domain model, the IoT system designers can get
an understanding of the IoT domain for which the system
is to be designed.

Step 4: Information Model Specification
• The fourth step in the IoT design methodology is to define
the Information Model.
• Information Model defines the structure of all the
information in the IoT system, for example, attributes of
Virtual Entities, relations, etc.
• Information model does not describe the specifics of how
the information is represented or stored.
• To define the information model, we first list the Virtual
Entities defined in the Domain Model.
• Information model adds more details to the Virtual Entities
by defining their attributes and relations.

Step 5: Service Specifications
• The fifth step in the IoT design methodology is to
define the service specifications.
• Service specifications define the
– Services in the IoT system
– Service types
– Service inputs/output
– Service endpoints
– Service schedules
– Service preconditions and
– Service effects.

Step 6: IoT Level Specification
• The sixth step in the IoT design methodology is to
define the IoT level for the system.
• In Unit-1, we defined six IoT deployment levels.

Step 7: Functional View Specification
• The seventh step in the IoT design methodology
is to define the Functional View.
• The Functional View (FV) defines the functions of
the IoT systems grouped into various Functional
Groups (FGs).
• Each Functional Group either provides
functionalities for interacting with instances of
concepts defined in the Domain Model or
provides information related to these concepts.

Step 8: Operational View Specification
• The eighth step in the IoT design methodology is
to define the Operational View Specifications.
• In this step, various options pertaining to the IoT
system deployment and operation are defined,
such as,
– Service hosting options
– Storage options
– Device options
– Application hosting options, etc

Step 9: Device & Component Integration
• The ninth step in the IoT design methodology
is the integration of the devices and
components.

Step 10: Application Development
• The final step in the IoT design methodology is
to develop the IoT application.

Introduction to Internet of
Things
Unit 2
Revision

Contents
1. Introduction to Internet of Things
2. Definition and Characteristics of IoT
3. Physical Design of IoT
4. IoT Protocols
5. IoT Communication Models
6. IoT Communication APIs
7. IoT enabled Technologies
7.1 Wireless Sensor Networks
7.2 Cloud Computing
7.3 Big data analytics
7.4 Communication Protocols
7.5 Embedded Systems
8. IoT Levels and Templates
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1.0 Introduction to IoT
• IoT refers to physical and virtual objects that have unique
identities and are connected to the Internet.
• The scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things
(devices, appliances, machines) to the internet.
• IoT allows the things to communicate and exchange
data(D).
• Data itself does not have a meaning until it is processed
into useful information(I).
• The information is then organized and structured into
knowledge(K).
• DIK Example:
– For Data, ((72,45),(84,56))
– For Information, the average temperature and humidity
readings for last 5 minutes.
– For Knowledge, an alert is raised if the average temperature in
last five minutes exceeds 120F
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2.0 Definition and Characteristics of IoT
• A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical
attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent
interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network, often communicate data
associated with users and their environments.
• Characteristics of IoT:
– Dynamic & Self-Adapting
– Self-Configuring
– Interoperable Communication Protocols
– Unique Identity
– Integrated into Information Network

3.0 Physical Design of IoT
• An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for
connections to other devices, both wired and wireless.
– I/O interfaces for sensors and actuators
– Interfaces for Internet connectivity
– Memory interfaces
– Storage interfaces
– Audio/video interfaces

4.0 IoT Protocols
Link Layer
 802.3 – Ethernet
 802.11 – WiFi
 802.16 – WiMax
 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
 2G/3G/4G - Cellular
 IPv4
 IPv6
 6LoWPAN
Transport Layer
 TCP
 UDP
Application Layer
 HTTP
 CoAP
 WebSocket
 MQTT
 XMPP
 DDS
 AMQP
 802.11ah – WiFi HaLow
 802.15.1 – Bluetooth (BLE)
 802.15.4 – Z-Wave
- Zigbee
- WirelessHART
- MiWi

5.0 IoT Communication Models
• There are four types of IoT communication models available.
– Request-Response communication model
– Publish-Subscribe communication model
– Push-Pull communication model
– Exclusive Pair communication model

6.0 IoT Communication APIs
• Two Communication APIs,
– REST – Based Communication APIs
– WebSocket – Based Communication APIs

7.0 IoT Enabled Technologies
• Wireless Sensor Network
• Cloud Computing
• Big Data Analytics
• Embedded Systems

8.0 IoT Levels and Templates
• Level 1: It has a single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation, stores data and
perform analysis and host the application.
(Nothing -> Cloud)
sensing and/or actuation and perform local
analysis. (Data store, Application -> Cloud)
sensing and/or actuation. (Data store,
Analysis, Application -> Cloud)
• Level 4: It has a multiple nodes that performs
sensing and/or actuation and perform local
analysis. (Data store, Application -> Cloud)
• Level 5: It has a multiple end nodes and one
coordinator node that performs sensing
and/or actuation. (Data store, Analysis,
Application -> Cloud)
• Level 6: It has a multiple independent end
nodes that performs sensing and/or actuation.
(Data store, Analysis, Application -> Cloud)

8.0 IoT Levels and Templates (Comparison)
IoT
Level
Node Type Sensing
/Actuation
Analysis Data
Store
Application Best Suitable for Example
1 Single Local Local Local Local
Low Cost and Low Complexity,
Data is Not Big,
Not Computationally Intensive
Home
Automation
2 Single Local Local Cloud Cloud
Data is Big,
Not Computationally Intensive
Smart
Irrigation
3 Single Local Cloud Cloud Cloud
Data is Big,
Computationally Intensive
Tracking
Package
Handling
4 Multiple Local Local Cloud Cloud
Data is Big,
Noise
Monitoring
5
Multiple
End Nodes +
1
Coordinator
Local Cloud Cloud Cloud
WSN,
Data is Big,
Forest Fire
Detection
6
Multiple
Independent
End Nodes
Local Cloud Cloud Cloud
Data is Big,
Weather
Monitoring
System

Sample Question 1
• Suppose if you want to choose IoT Communication
Protocol for an IOT application, which is based on
conditions such as low data rate, low range, and low
power, then answer the following questions:
a) Which data link layer communication protocol is your
appropriate choice?
b) What is the IEEE standard number for that
communication protocol?
c) What is the data rate of that communication protocol in
bps?
d) What is the approximate range of that communication
protocol?

Sample Question 1 - ANSWER
• Suppose if you want to choose IoT Communication
Protocol for an IOT application, which is based on
conditions such as low data rate, low range, and low
power, then answer the following questions:
a) Which data link layer communication protocol is your
appropriate choice? (Z-Wave, Zigbee, etc)
b) What is the IEEE standard number for that
communication protocol? (IEEE 802.15.4)
c) What is the data rate of that communication protocol in
bps? (20 or 40 Kbps to 250 Kbps)
d) What is the approximate range of that communication
protocol? (10 to 100m)

Sample Question 2
• Fill in the 4 – Layer IOT Protocol Stack with appropriate protocols for
the following criteria:
A. The protocol is well suit for Machine-to-Machine(M2M) Applications.
i.e, Constrained environments with constrained devices and
constrained networks. And also it uses request – response model.
B. The protocol doesn’t provide guarantee for data delivery, ordering of
message and duplicate elimination; so it provides unreliable transfers.
And also Used by Multimedia Applications (Video Conferencing, Video
Streaming)
C. The protocol brings IP Protocol to the low-power devices which have
limited processing capacity. And Defines compression mechanisms for
IPv6 datagram's over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks.
D. The protocol(s) provide low-cost and low-speed communication for
power- constrained devices. And provides data rates from 40 Kbps to
250 Kbps
A
B
C
D

• Fill in the 4 – Layer IOT Protocol Stack with appropriate protocols for
the following criteria:
A. The protocol is well suit for Machine-to-Machine(M2M) Applications.
i.e, Constrained environments with constrained devices and
constrained networks. And also it uses request – response model.
B. The protocol doesn’t provide guarantee for data delivery, ordering of
message and duplicate elimination; so it provides unreliable transfers.
And also Used by Multimedia Applications (Video Conferencing, Video
Streaming)
C. The protocol brings IP Protocol to the low-power devices which have
limited processing capacity. And Defines compression mechanisms for
IPv6 datagram's over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks.
D. The protocol(s) provide low-cost and low-speed communication for
power- constrained devices. And provides data rates from 40 Kbps to
250 Kbps
A – CoAP
B – UDP
C – 6LoWPAN
D – LRWPAN (IEEE 802.15.4) /
Zigbee, Z-Wave, etc.

Sample Question 3
• Find out the best suitable communication model
based on the following statements:
i. It uses a persistent connection between the client and
server.
ii. Once the connection is setup it remains open until the
client sends a request to close the connection.
iii. Client and server can send messages to each other
after connection setup.
iv. It is a bidirectional.
v. It is a fully duplex communication model.
vi. Finally connection is terminated.

• Find out the best suitable communication model
based on the following statements:
i. It uses a persistent connection between the client and
server.
ii. Once the connection is setup it remains open until the
client sends a request to close the connection.
iii. Client and server can send messages to each other
after connection setup.
iv. It is a bidirectional.
v. It is a fully duplex communication model.
vi. Finally connection is terminated.
Exclusive Pair
Communication Model

Sample Question 4
• Choose the appropriate IOT Levels bases on the following
conditions:
A. It has a multiple end nodes and one coordinator node that
performs sensing and/or actuation.
B. It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and
perform local analysis. (Data store, Application -> Cloud)
C. This level is well suit for data involved is not big.
D. The level(s), which are performs local analysis?
E. This IoT Level is best suit for IEEE 802.15.4 deployment?
F. The level(s) are well suit for the analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive.
G. This level detects forest fire.
H. This level is applied in home automation(s).
I. This level is an example of “Smart Irrigation”.
J. The level(s), which are performs everything at cloud side, except
sensing and/or actuation.

• Choose the appropriate IOT Levels bases on the following
conditions:
A. It has a multiple end nodes and one coordinator node that
performs sensing and/or actuation. (Level 5)
B. It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and
perform local analysis. (Data store, Application -> Cloud) (Level 2)
C. This level is well suit for data involved is not big. (Level 1)
D. The level(s), which are performs local analysis? (Level 1,2,4)
E. This IoT Level is best suit for IEEE 802.15.4 deployment? (Level 5)
F. The level(s) are well suit for the analysis requirements are not
computationally intensive. (Level 1,2)
G. This level detects forest fire. (Level 5)
H. This level is applied in home automation(s). (Level 1)
I. This level is an example of “Smart Irrigation”. (Level 2)
J. The level(s), which are performs everything at cloud side, except
sensing and/or actuation. (Level 3,5,6)

Thank you

IoT Communication and Protocols Guide

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