1. by – Janisha Gandhi

2.  Variable
 Types of Variable
 Dependent Variable
 Independent Variable
 Control Variable
 Measurement of scale
 Types of Measurement of Scale
 Nominal Scale
 Ordinal Scale
 Interval Scale
 Ratio Scale

3.  A variable is any entity that can take on different
values across individuals and time.
 A variables refer to factors or conditions that can
change during the course of an experiment.
 Variables in research Variables are things that
we measure, control, or manipulate in research.

4. For examples,
 Age can be considered a variable because age
can take different values for different people
or for the same person at different times.
 Similarly, country can be considered a
variable because a person's country can be
assigned a value

5.  In the question,
"How fast is a car going that travels 10 km in
one hour?"
The variables are:
 10 km in distance
 1 hour of time

6. Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Control Variable

7.  An independent variable is the variable that
the researchers systematically manipulate in
the experiment. An independent variable is
measured, manipulated, or selected by the
experimenter to determine its relationship to
an observed phenomenon.

8. For example,
 if a researcher has two groups of people
watch either a happy film or a sad film before
giving an IQ test, the IV is the mood of the
participants.
 if scientists are studying how putting salt in
cold water affects how long it takes to boil
water, the presence of salt is the independent
variable.

9.  The dependent variable is a variable that
changes as the result of changing the
independent variable.
 A dependent variable is the factor which is
observed and measured to determine the
effect of the independent variable, that is,
that factor that appears, disappears, or varies
as the experimenter introduces, removes, or
varies the independent variable.

10. For example,
 IQ was hypothesized to depend on the mood of
the participants.
 If water boils faster when salt is added to it, then
the time water takes to boil is the dependent
variable.

11.  An independent variable, sometimes called
an experimental or predictor variable, is a
variable that is being manipulated in an
experiment in order to observe the effect on
a dependent variable, sometimes called
an outcome variable

13.  Height depends upon on age, hence height is
a dependent variable and age is independent.
 Height is also depends on sex, then height is
dependent and age and sex are independent.
 If I drink Mountain Dew before bed, then I will
not sleep very much.
IV: Drinking Mountain Dew
DV: the amount of sleep

14.  Imagine that a tutor asks 100 students to complete a
maths test. The tutor wants to know why some
students perform better than others. Whilst the tutor
does not know the answer to this, she thinks that it
might be because of two reasons: (1) some students
spend more time revising for their test; and (2) some
students are naturally more intelligent than others. As
such, the tutor decides to investigate the effect of
revision time and intelligence on the test
performance of the 100 students. The dependent and
independent variables for the study are:

15.  Dependent Variable: Test Mark
(measured from 0 to 100)
 Independent Variables: Revision time
(measured in hours) Intelligence (measured
using IQ score)

16.  Control variables, then, are those that the
researcher has chosen to keep constant,
neutralize, or otherwise eliminate so that
they will not have an effect on the study.

17.  if scientists are studying how putting salt in
cold water affects how long it takes to boil
water, the presence of salt is the independent
variable.
 If water boils faster when salt is added to it,
then the time water takes to boil is the
dependent variable
 Control variables , the amount of water used,
size of the burners and the temperature of
the heating element.

19.  Scale may be defined as any series of items
that are arranged progressively according to
the value and magnitude, into which an item
can be placed according to its qualification.
 Scale of measurement refers to how variables
are measured.

21.  A scale is simply a system of assigning
number symbols to events in order to label
them for identification/classification.
 It classifies persons or objects into two or
more categories. Members of a category
have a common set of characteristics, and
each member may only belong to one
category.
 Yes/no scale in research activities.

22. Which of the following food items do you tend to buy at least once
per month? (Please tick)
Okra Palm Oil Milled Rice
Peppers Prawns Pasteurized
milk

23.  A Scale that arranges objects/alternatives
according to their magnitude in an ordered
relationship.
 For example, if a researcher asked farmers to
rank 5 brands of pesticide in order of
preference he/she might obtain responses
like those in table.

24. An example of an ordinal scale used to determine farmers'
preferences among 5 brands of pesticide.
Order of Brand
preference
1 Rambo
2 R.I.P.
3 Killalot
4 D.O.A.
5 Bugdeath

25.  A scale the only arranges objects/alternatives
according to their magnitudes but also
distinguishes this ordered arrangement in
units of equal intervals. Standard survey
rating scale. Used for ranking and measuring
the interval between two numbers.

26. Please indicate your views on Balkan Olives by scoring them on a scale of 5 down to 1 (i.e. 5
= Excellent; 1= Poor) on each of the criteria listed
Balkan Circle the appropriate score on each
Olives are: line
Succulenc 5 4 3 2 1
e
Fresh 5 4 3 2 1
tasting
Free of 5 4 3 2 1
skin
blemish
Good value 5 4 3 2 1
Attractively 5 4 3 2 1
packaged

27.  The highest level of measurement is a ratio
scale. This has the properties of an interval
scale together with a fixed origin or zero
point.
 Example: Income, age, number of children, or
cost of housing. Your income could be zero;
you might not have children; your rent could
be free.

28.  Examples of variables which are ratio scaled
include weights, lengths and times. Ratio
scales permit the researcher to compare both
differences in scores and the relative
magnitude of scores. For instance the
difference between 5 and 10 minutes is the
same as that between 10 and 15 minutes, and
10 minutes is twice as long as 5 minutes.

30. THANK YOU