The document discusses the periodization of history from 1914 to the present. It argues that World War I marked both continuity and change. There was continuity in terms of population growth, scientific and industrial revolutions, and globalization. However, there was also significant change, including the mobilization of entire populations for war, unprecedented destruction, and the creation of over 200 new nation states from the collapse of old empires like Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey. The document also examines some of the specific causes of World War I like nationalism, militarism, and a system of rigid alliances and war plans that pulled the major powers into war based on defense obligations when the assassination in Sarajevo set off a chain reaction.

1. PERIODIZATION:
WhyWhy 19141914??

2. 1914 - Present
OLDOLD
 CompetitionCompetition in Europe:in Europe:
STILL unable to create aSTILL unable to create a
single statesingle state  two Worldtwo World
Wars.Wars.
 Continuation ofContinuation of
RevolutionsRevolutions for nationalfor national
sovereignty,sovereignty,
independence fromindependence from
foreign rule.foreign rule.
NEWNEW
 Mobilization ofMobilization of entireentire
populationspopulations and enormity ofand enormity of
destructiondestruction
 Disintegration of oldDisintegration of old
Empires and creation ofEmpires and creation of
more thanmore than 200 nation states200 nation states!!

3. CONTINUITYCONTINUITY
 Population growthPopulation growth due todue to
improved food suppliesimproved food supplies
from Columbianfrom Columbian
Exchange, higherExchange, higher
standards of living due tostandards of living due to
industrialization,industrialization,
production of medicines,production of medicines,
modern sanitation…modern sanitation…
CHANGECHANGE
 Explosive populationExplosive population
growthgrowth:: 400%400% betweenbetween
1900 and 2000: we are1900 and 2000: we are
over 6 billion now.over 6 billion now.

4. 1914 - Present
ContinuityContinuity
 Scientific Revolution &
Industrial Revolution
laid the foundation…
 Mankind has been
globalizing since he cam
Out of Africa!
ChangeChange
 Industrial outputIndustrial output
increased 40 X &increased 40 X &
spread…spread…
 More human impact onMore human impact on
environment resultedenvironment resulted
 GLOBALIZATION!!GLOBALIZATION!!

5. World War I:
The Shot Heard Around the World
Cause Or Spark?Cause Or Spark?
Janet Pareja, Signature School, AP World History, Evansville, IN - 2014

6. Important Facts: WWI
CAUSESCAUSES
 Competition for colonies between armed EuropeanCompetition for colonies between armed European
empiresempires
 Unification of Germany & Italy --> unbalanceUnification of Germany & Italy --> unbalance
 Extreme Industrialized MilitarismExtreme Industrialized Militarism
 Extreme NationalismExtreme Nationalism
 Inflexible War Plans & Iron-Clad TreatiesInflexible War Plans & Iron-Clad Treaties
TWO FRONT WAR of ATTRITIONTWO FRONT WAR of ATTRITION
 Entente v. AlliesEntente v. Allies
 Defensive War- Trench WarfareDefensive War- Trench Warfare
 US enteredUS entered
VERSAILLES TREATYVERSAILLES TREATY
 14 Points14 Points  Stab in the Back MythStab in the Back Myth

7. Tense Situation in Europe
due to competition for colonies

8. WHO did not get their “share” of colonies?

9. Germany and ItalyGermany and Italy emerged asemerged as
nation states at the end of the 19nation states at the end of the 19thth
century.century.
FrustratedFrustrated by their inability toby their inability to
expand their borders, they hadexpand their borders, they had
the will to fight withthe will to fight with
““blood and iron.”blood and iron.”
 ““Rather than a new ideal of cooperation,Rather than a new ideal of cooperation,
they held the tired old dream ofthey held the tired old dream of
Charlemagne and Napoleon, of one powerCharlemagne and Napoleon, of one power
conquering all the others…And Germanyconquering all the others…And Germany
was in the best position to achieve thiswas in the best position to achieve this.”.”

10. Arms raceArms race - industrial powersindustrial powers
IF YOU HAVE IT YOU WILL USE IT!!:IF YOU HAVE IT YOU WILL USE IT!!:
Inflexible war plans & time tables& time tables
France- Plan XVII-
 offensive maneuvers & attacks: “Attack”offensive maneuvers & attacks: “Attack”
Germany – Schlieffen Plan
 swift attack on France then defend v. Russiaswift attack on France then defend v. Russia
Nowadays: “Contingency plans”Nowadays: “Contingency plans”
 better or worse?better or worse?

11. Secret & public treaties … No choice but to act!
1879
The Dual Alliance
Germany and Austria-
Hungary made an
alliance to protect
themselves from
Russia
1881
Austro-Serbian
Alliance
Austria-Hungary made
an alliance with Serbia
to stop Russia gaining
control of Serbia
1882
The Triple Alliance
Germany and Austria-
Hungary made an
alliance with Italy to
stop Italy from taking
sides with Russia
1914
Triple Entente (no
separate peace)
Britain, Russia and
France agreed not to
sign for
peaceseparately.
1894
Franco-Russian
Alliance
Russia formed an
alliance with France to
protect herself against
Germany and Austria-
Hungary
1907
Triple Entente
This was made
between Russia,
France and Britain to
counter the increasing
threat from Germany.
1907
Anglo-Russian
Entente
This was an agreement
between Britain and
Russia
1904
Entente Cordiale
This was an
agreement, but not a
formal alliance,
between France and
Britain.

12.  Public supportedPublic supported nationalnational
rivalriesrivalries::
 fun, romantic, competitive!fun, romantic, competitive!
 Governments manipulated publicGovernments manipulated public
opinion?opinion?
 Unification of Germany & Italy as models forUnification of Germany & Italy as models for
“Right to Self Determination.”
 Other “peoples” wanted their own nations, too!Other “peoples” wanted their own nations, too!
 Poles, Bosnians, Czechs, Yugoslavs…Pan SlavismPoles, Bosnians, Czechs, Yugoslavs…Pan Slavism
conflicted with German “volk” areas.conflicted with German “volk” areas.
 Only War changesOnly War changes
European Borders!European Borders!

13. TheThe
“Spark”“Spark”
Domino effect:Domino effect:
alliances & proceduresalliances & procedures
activated!activated!
 Heir to Austrian throneHeir to Austrian throne
Arch Duke Ferdinand & wife SophieArch Duke Ferdinand & wife Sophie assassinatedassassinated
by Serbian Slav nationalist during visit to Sarajevo,by Serbian Slav nationalist during visit to Sarajevo,
Bosnia, in a far corner of the Austrian empire.Bosnia, in a far corner of the Austrian empire.
 Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of supportingAustria-Hungary accused Serbia of supporting
assassinationassassination  declared WAR… and Russiadeclared WAR… and Russia
supported Serbia.supported Serbia.

14. Two Front War
““Eastern FrontEastern Front ““
Against RussiaAgainst Russia
 More fluid lineMore fluid line
 Through Serbia, Albania,Through Serbia, Albania,
Romania…Romania…
 October Revolution inOctober Revolution in
RussiaRussia
 Lenin came to powerLenin came to power
 Bolsheviks negotiated w/Bolsheviks negotiated w/
Germany & stopped fightingGermany & stopped fighting
in December 1917.in December 1917.
ALLIES vs. CENTRAL POWERS

15. Western FrontWestern Front
 Through France – English Channel –Through France – English Channel –
SwitzerlandSwitzerland
DefensiveDefensive :: TRENCHESTRENCHES
UsedUsed advanced technologies to MAINTAINadvanced technologies to MAINTAIN
position:position:
 Mustard GasMustard Gas
 Machine GunsMachine Guns
 Bombs & FlaresBombs & Flares
 Barbed wireBarbed wire
End of the war- more offensiveEnd of the war- more offensive
Tanks, planes, subs (GermanTanks, planes, subs (German
U-Boats)U-Boats)
Central, Allied, Neutral
TrenchTrench
WarfareWarfare

16. The Western Front
In France and Belgium – Defense against Germany

17. US entered on the side of the
Allies--- WHY?
PropagandaPropaganda  ExcitementExcitement
for war!for war!
HemingwayHemingway
Loans, equipment salesLoans, equipment sales fromfrom
US to AlliesUS to Allies
TradeTrade interrupted by warinterrupted by war
Ie: BritishIe: British LusitaniaLusitania sunk bysunk by
German U-boat?German U-boat?
……Armistice, 1918Armistice, 1918

18. Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
Basics
 Free tradeFree trade
 Self-determination of nationalitiesSelf-determination of nationalities
 Some loss of territorySome loss of territory
 Peace without victoryPeace without victory
 DisarmamentDisarmament
 Fair treatment of colonial peoplesFair treatment of colonial peoples
 Establishment of League of NationsEstablishment of League of Nations
***Germany expected ONLY these to be the terms of***Germany expected ONLY these to be the terms of
surrender…surrender…

19. Paris Peace Conference, 1919 
Treaty of Versailles
““Big Four:”Big Four:” Britain,Britain,
France, United StatesFrance, United States
(and Italy who joined(and Italy who joined
late)late)
Central powers &Central powers &
RussiaRussia (who left the(who left the
Allies late in the war dueAllies late in the war due
to Russian Revolution)to Russian Revolution)
werewere not includednot included

20. The “Stab in the Back Myth”
was born…  France would notFrance would not
allow Wilson’sallow Wilson’s
proposalsproposals
 Their countryside,Their countryside,
population, industry hadpopulation, industry had
been ravaged…theybeen ravaged…they
wanted revenge, and towanted revenge, and to
avoid a recurrence!avoid a recurrence!

21. 1.1. GermanGerman militarymilitary reduced to almost nothingreduced to almost nothing
- but their heritage!!- but their heritage!!
JunkersJunkers – Landed,– Landed,
Feudal- heritage,Feudal- heritage,
Germanic military aristocracyGermanic military aristocracy
Von Bismarck

22. Treaty of Versailles
2. Germany had to:2. Germany had to:
Accept Guilt
PAY REPARATIONS
to France & GB:to France & GB:
Cost of the warCost of the war

23. Treaty ofTreaty of VersaillesVersailles
3. Re- Drew map of
Europe
 Austria & HungaryAustria & Hungary
separated & reducedseparated & reduced
 Poland, Czechoslovakia,Poland, Czechoslovakia,
YugoslaviaYugoslavia created fromcreated from
German & Ottoman territoryGerman & Ottoman territory
 French territory increased atFrench territory increased at
German borderGerman border

24. 4. Mandate System
 Colonies of Central PowersColonies of Central Powers
becamebecame “mandates;”“mandates;” to beto be
held & exploited byheld & exploited by AlliesAllies (not(not
US)US) until reparations were paiduntil reparations were paid
offoff..
 Ottoman territoriesOttoman territories 
BritishBritish “mandates”:“mandates”:
Palestine, Lebanon, Syria,Palestine, Lebanon, Syria,
Iraq, Arabia, Yemen…Iraq, Arabia, Yemen… and theand the
subject peoples weresubject peoples were
FURIOUSFURIOUS

25. Mandate System carved out ofMandate System carved out of
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

26. Mandate System in AfricaMandate System in AfricaFormerFormer
GermanGerman
ColoniesColonies

27. Balfour Declaration
 ZionistsZionists
 2 November, 19172 November, 1917
 UK Foreign SecretaryUK Foreign Secretary
 Confirmed support
from the British
government for
establishment in
Palestine of a
Homeland for theHomeland for the
Jewish peopleJewish people. ““in principle”in principle”

28. Weimar Republic
 Weakness, CAPITULATION,Weakness, CAPITULATION,
poverty, injustice for Germanpoverty, injustice for German
peoplepeople
 Veterans = jobless, un-Veterans = jobless, un-
thanked, shell-shocked,thanked, shell-shocked,
wounded…blamed?!wounded…blamed?!
 LeadersLeaders NOT Traditional elitesNOT Traditional elites ––
military, clergy, nobilitymilitary, clergy, nobility
 BankersBankers, some industrialists, some industrialists
Perception: Jewish leadersPerception: Jewish leaders
“sold out” the Germans:“sold out” the Germans:
“Stab-in-the-back Myth”“Stab-in-the-back Myth”

29. The War to End All Wars was over…
but it was just the beginning of “Total War.”

30. 20th
Century Conflict:
““World War” / “Total War”World War” / “Total War”
History teaches that war beginsHistory teaches that war begins
when governments believewhen governments believe
the price of aggression is cheap.the price of aggression is cheap.
-- Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan

31. Doctrine of Total War
TOTALTOTAL
MOBILIZATION!MOBILIZATION!
TOTAL PARTICIPATIONTOTAL PARTICIPATION
 Industry & personnelIndustry & personnel
conversionsconversions
 Economy convertedEconomy converted
 Home Front SacrificesHome Front Sacrifices
 24/724/7  WAR OF ATTRITIONWAR OF ATTRITION
TOTAL BELIEFTOTAL BELIEF
 Information managementInformation management
 Hatred / Inhumanity / FEARHatred / Inhumanity / FEAR
 Extreme Patriotism=Extreme Patriotism=
NO DISSENT!NO DISSENT!
ALL RESOURCESALL RESOURCES
COUNTERCOUNTER
FORCE/COUNTERFORCE/COUNTER
VALUEVALUE
Maximize effectsMaximize effects
Casualties, Speed,Casualties, Speed,
MASSESMASSES
Minimize EffortMinimize Effort
ImpersonalImpersonal
NO moral dilemmaNO moral dilemma
Effort, PersonnelEffort, Personnel
Expense, TimeExpense, Time

32. What is “World War?”
 All continents (except Antarctica)All continents (except Antarctica)
 Land, sea, airLand, sea, air
Total MobilizationTotal Mobilization
industry,industry,
science,science,
All of society…All of society…
““Doctrine of Total War”Doctrine of Total War”

33. Doctrine of Total War
 2020thth
-21-21stst
centuriescenturies
 NationsNations use all of
their resources to
destroy another
nation's ability to
engage in war: NO
WEAPON IS OFF
THE TABLE!!
Counter force /
Counter value
strategy
http://science.howstuffworks.com/war-tech.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/war-tech.htm

34. Attributes of Total War
1. Complete mobilization of all resources:
IndustrializationIndustrialization
 Make armaments &Make armaments &
BECOME TARGETSBECOME TARGETS
 Factory & workforceFactory & workforce
conversions- WWIIconversions- WWII
MechanizationMechanization
 toto maximize effectsmaximize effects
 many more casualties,many more casualties,
 easier, impersonaleasier, impersonal

35. Better Weapons, Communication &
Transportation Technology
 Chemical Weapons –
Poison gas
 Machine guns
 Tanks
 Anti-Tank weaponry
 Barbed wire
 Telegraph
 Motorized vehicles
 Bombs
 BazookasBazookas
 Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs
 Land & Sea MinesLand & Sea Mines
 Biological WeaponsBiological Weapons
 Gas masks
 Submarines
 Airplanes
 Zeppelins
 Radios
 Amphibious vehiclesAmphibious vehicles
 Huge, fast battleshipsHuge, fast battleships
 Aircraft carriersAircraft carriers
 ICBM’s, ABM’s, SLBM’s…ICBM’s, ABM’s, SLBM’s…
 DDT & other anti biologicalsDDT & other anti biologicals
 GPSGPS
 Night gogglesNight goggles
 Robot DronesRobot Drones
Yellow = technology available in WW I
TRADE
FINANCIAL
MEDECINE
FOOD
WATER

36. Attributes of Total War
2. TOTAL PARTICIPATION
Professional RecruitmentProfessional Recruitment
Nationals, Colonials, Immigrants.Nationals, Colonials, Immigrants.
 Recruiters: Learn discipline, skillsRecruiters: Learn discipline, skills
 GI Bill, VA hospitals, VA mortgagesGI Bill, VA hospitals, VA mortgages
Home-Front EffortsHome-Front Efforts
Conserve & Invest!!!Conserve & Invest!!!
 WWI, WWII… What about Korea,WWI, WWII… What about Korea,
Vietnam, Eastern Europe,Vietnam, Eastern Europe,
Iraq & Afghanistan?Iraq & Afghanistan?
Civilians as TARGETS!Civilians as TARGETS!
Air raids, naval blockades, bombing of cities… terrorism.Air raids, naval blockades, bombing of cities… terrorism.

37.  Criticism of war = treason!Criticism of war = treason!
 With us / against us: battling ideologies
 Mass PropagandaMass Propaganda  Mass HATREDMass HATRED
& DEHUMANIZATION of enemy& DEHUMANIZATION of enemy
 WomenWomen - replacement & additional- replacement & additional
workers in industryworkers in industry  get vote after WWIget vote after WWI
 Preparation ofPreparation of NEXT GENERATIONNEXT GENERATION
 Huge loss of lifeHuge loss of life
 WWI- Verdun: 595,000 dead; Somme- 840,000 dead;WWI- Verdun: 595,000 dead; Somme- 840,000 dead;
 WWII- D-Day ground: 4,414 allies alone.WWII- D-Day ground: 4,414 allies alone.

38. Comparing War Deaths - Strayer
 WWIWWI
1010,ooo,ooo died,ooo,ooo died
2020,ooo,ooo wounded,ooo,ooo wounded
 WWIIWWII
6060,ooo,ooo died,ooo,ooo died
Over 50% civilianOver 50% civilian
Over 40% of total deaths were RussianOver 40% of total deaths were Russian

40. World War II War Deaths
WAR US &
GB
RUSSIA China German
Italian
JAPAN Total
WWII US
418.5
thousand
GB
451
thousand
LessLess
than 1Mthan 1M
23-2423-24
MillionMillion
10-2010-20
MillionMillion
German
7-97-9
MillionMillion
Italy
454,600
2.62 –2.62 –
3.12 M3.12 M
(includes
Hiroshima
&
Nagasaki)
60-80 Million

41.  Vietnam WarVietnam War -- up to 3.8 million total
violent war deaths total (varies by source)
 Iraq WarIraq War – 1/2004- 12/2009– 1/2004- 12/2009
109,032 total deaths including 66,081 civilian
deaths (Wikileaks classified war numbers, per wikipedia)
Afghanistan War - ?

42. Which nation had theWhich nation had the
largest number of dead inlargest number of dead in
World War II?World War II?

44. Modern WarfareModern Warfare
Total Deaths US
Soldiers
Civilians
VIETNAM
(American
Phase)
1,700,000 58,220 195,000-
430,000 S.
Vietnamese
50,000-
65,000 N.
Vietnamese
Iraq 172,907 4,486 66,081
Afghanistan
*
**
3,288
Coalition
2001-2013
2,207
2001-2013
16,179
2007-2013
Notes: *Total & US deaths are for 2001-2013; Civilian deaths are from 2007
** Total Coalition Deaths for Afghanistan replace total.
What generalizations
What generalizations
can you make?
can you make?

45. 3. NO GLORY
ANYMORE!
No one is safeNo one is safe: Cities, Farms,: Cities, Farms,
homes, mothers, children…homes, mothers, children…
No time offNo time off - 24/7/30/365 in- 24/7/30/365 in
trenchestrenches
Disease, misery, fear… It hasDisease, misery, fear… It has
become abecome a War of AttritionWar of Attrition: who: who
will surrender first?will surrender first?
…The ideal of the heroic war
is gone…
Iraq War
Vietnam War

47. Entente (Italy switched to Entente)Entente (Italy switched to Entente)
Allies at some timeAllies at some time

48. Allies Before the Attack on Pearl HarborAllies Before the Attack on Pearl Harbor
Allies AFTER Pearl HarborAllies AFTER Pearl Harbor
Axis PowersAxis Powers
Neutral StatesNeutral States

49. Nagasaki & Hiroshima

50. Is Total War “Just?”
All combatants fight with ALL weapons atAll combatants fight with ALL weapons at
their disposal…their disposal…

51. Total War