2. Started with AGRICULTUREStarted with AGRICULTURE
Second LargestSecond Largest
transformationtransformation of life onof life on
planet!planet!
Began where the largestBegan where the largest
transformation left off…withtransformation left off…with
AGRICULTURE!AGRICULTURE!
3. 1.1. Agriculture Became anAgriculture Became an
Industry!Industry!
MachinesMachines
Production UPProduction UP
Fewer Ag. Workers:Fewer Ag. Workers:
beginning of the end for thebeginning of the end for the
““family farm”family farm”
Reaper – Cyrus McCormackReaper – Cyrus McCormack
Cotton Gin – Eli WhitneyCotton Gin – Eli Whitney
Tractor – John DeereTractor – John Deere
Benefit: the the Masses
4. Innovations:Innovations: IndustryIndustry
Cotton/Textile Industry:Cotton/Textile Industry:
Flying shuttle, Spinning Jenny,
Spinning mule, …power loom
Sewing Machine – Isaac Singer
Bessemer ConverterBessemer Converter -- 18551855
(converted iron to steel)(converted iron to steel) Henry
Bessemer (Eiffel Tower made of iron, however)
Internal CombustionInternal Combustion
EngineEngine –– 1885 - Gottlieb Daimler
Gasoline EngineGasoline Engine
Portland CementPortland Cement
Vulcanized Rubber- CharlesVulcanized Rubber- Charles
GoodyearGoodyear
Revolutionary
Revolutionary NewNew
Products,
Products,
Materials, Methods
Materials, Methods
of Production!!
of Production!!
Benefit: the Masses
5. Innovations:Innovations: CommunicationCommunicationTelegraph – 1837
Samuel Morse
Telephone – 1876
Alexander Graham Bell
Radio - 1890’s
Marconi Guglielmo
Typewriter – late 1800’s
Christopher Latham Sholes
Camera – 1800’s
Johann Zhan, George Eastman
FAST, EASY, ACCURATE
FAST, EASY, ACCURATE
Communication!
Communication!
Benefit: the masses
6. Innovations: TransportationInnovations: Transportation
Steam Engine – James Watt
Steamboat – Robert Fulton
Steam Locomotive- 1815 -
George Stephenson
Pneumatic Tire (air filled)
Bicycle
Dirigible Airship
Hot-air balloon
Airplane
FASTFASTTRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
&COMMUNICATION!!
&COMMUNICATION!!
Benefit: the masses
7. “Industrialization” Continues:
More recently…
TelevisionTelevision
1927 – 14-yr-old Mormon boy,
Philo T. Farnsworth
ComputerComputer
A lot of people involved! History records Charles Babbage as the first to
use them in a meaningful way.. “Difference Engine”- 1822.
1930- Vannevar Bush –– 1st
general purpose analogue computer solved
differential equations & used in WWII to aim guns. Hand operated, no
electronic parts.
First completely electronic computer:First completely electronic computer: COLOSSUSCOLOSSUS
England, 1944. Code breaker for German Enigma. Secret untilEngland, 1944. Code breaker for German Enigma. Secret until
1970.1970.
It took up 1,000 Sq. ft. & weighed 30 tons/60,000 pounds.
Took 150 kilowatts which is enough power to light up a small town.
Cell PhoneCell Phone
Dr. Martin Cooper at Motorola invented the technology for the cell phoneDr. Martin Cooper at Motorola invented the technology for the cell phone
Benefit: the masses
8. Industrial Revolution BasicsIndustrial Revolution Basics
New Sources of EnergyNew Sources of Energy
Mechanization!Mechanization!
Increased standard of livingIncreased standard of living
New Work PatternsNew Work Patterns
New Social PatternsNew Social Patterns
Urbanization!Urbanization!
Effects of Change:Effects of Change:
GB, USA, Russia, LatinGB, USA, Russia, Latin
AmericaAmerica
Write this down!!!Write this down!!!
9. EnergyEnergy
COALCOAL
GB, Germany, USAGB, Germany, USA
STEAM POWERED: Railroads & Ship LinesSTEAM POWERED: Railroads & Ship Lines
linked Mercantilist /Imperial world
OILOIL (Later)(Later)
Benefit: the masses
10. WHY BRITAIN?WHY BRITAIN?
Agricultural output high-Agricultural output high-
adopted new technologiesadopted new technologies
Large UrbanizedLarge Urbanized
Population; GuildsPopulation; Guilds
disableddisabled
Abundant coal & iron oreAbundant coal & iron ore
Less affected by EuropeanLess affected by European
wars (ie: Napoleon)wars (ie: Napoleon)
Infrastructure: NavigableInfrastructure: Navigable
rivers & canals, roads,rivers & canals, roads,
then railroads.then railroads.
Advanced banking &Advanced banking &
financial institutionsfinancial institutions
Supportive governmentSupportive government
11. 2.2. New Labor - SavingNew Labor - Saving
TechniquesTechniques
Artisan work replaced byArtisan work replaced by
MECHANIZATIONMECHANIZATION::
Factories replaced Putting OutFactories replaced Putting Out
System/Cottage Industries/Proto-System/Cottage Industries/Proto-
IndustrializationIndustrialization
Benefit: the masses
12. Calico Cotton ProductionCalico Cotton Production
Cotton from American colonies.
1733 - John Kay’s Flying Shuttle:
faster of weaving process Pressure for faster
way to spin thread…make fabric…Power
Loom… Meanwhile, colonies independent and
demand was higher than EVER!
INDIA! First as trade partner,
later as colony.
Trade , Technology & ImperialismTrade , Technology & Imperialism
Tied Together!Tied Together!
Benefit: the masses
13. Revolution in Production Methods:Revolution in Production Methods:
Changed What was produced, WHO worked, HOW, and
WHERE… Write this down!!
InterchangeableInterchangeable
PartsParts
Eli WhitneyEli Whitney
InterchangeableInterchangeable
PEOPLE: ProductionPEOPLE: Production
LineLine
Henry FordHenry Ford
Steel technologySteel technology
Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer Benefit: the masses
14. 3. Increased Standard ofIncreased Standard of
LivingLiving
Across ALL CLASSES!Across ALL CLASSES!
Faster Transportation & Lower PricesFaster Transportation & Lower Prices
RRiissiinngg EExxppeeccttaattiioonnss!!
Cheaper Consumer Goods over time forCheaper Consumer Goods over time for
massesmasses
Benefit: the masses
15. 6.6. UrbanizationUrbanization
MIGRATION!!MIGRATION!!
To industrializing cTo industrializing c ountries, and fromountries, and from
countryside to city.countryside to city.
Large cities struggled to provideLarge cities struggled to provide
services:services:
Water deliveryWater delivery
Sewage disposalSewage disposal
Police and fire protPolice and fire prot ectionection
Public EducationPublic Education
Health ServicesHealth Services
Benefit: the masses?
16. Seeking Better Life in the City as Farm Jobs DisappearedSeeking Better Life in the City as Farm Jobs Disappeared
More Urban Dwellers!More Urban Dwellers!
UNSKILLEDUNSKILLED (From farms and(From farms and
abroad)abroad)
MoreMore EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE in city:in city:
housing, food... Saw &housing, food... Saw &
wantedwanted Consumer Goods.Consumer Goods.
ENTIRE FAMILYENTIRE FAMILY needed toneeded to
work just to get by.work just to get by.
Far from extended family,Far from extended family,
pressures buildpressures build ABUSE.ABUSE.
NO TIMENO TIME for rest, privacy;for rest, privacy;
expensive pastimes & vices.expensive pastimes & vices.
Benefit? Capitalists?
17. New Wealth & New PovertyNew Wealth & New Poverty
Middle ClassMiddle Class UrbanUrban
WorkingWorking PoorPoor
Managers,Managers,
Builders,Builders,
Retailers, Doctors,Retailers, Doctors,
Underemployed , Servants ,Underemployed , Servants ,
Uneducated/ UnskilledUneducated/ Unskilled
18. New Social ClassesNew Social Classes
AristocracyAristocracy
Retained wealth, lost political powerRetained wealth, lost political power
New Aristocracy = Giants of IndustryNew Aristocracy = Giants of Industry
Entrepreneurs gambled & won BIG – investedEntrepreneurs gambled & won BIG – invested
in new technologiesin new technologies
Victorian fashion, manners…consumers!!Victorian fashion, manners…consumers!!
Lived in Suburbs or CountrysideLived in Suburbs or Countryside
Middle Class – stuck in the middleMiddle Class – stuck in the middle
Managers, accountants, ministers, teachersManagers, accountants, ministers, teachers
lawyers, doctors…all SKILLED professionals.lawyers, doctors…all SKILLED professionals.
YearnedYearned to join the upper class; fearedto join the upper class; feared
falling to the working class.falling to the working class.
Lived in SuburbsLived in Suburbs
Working Class – “Blue Collar” - HUGE!Working Class – “Blue Collar” - HUGE!
Factory workers in cities – unskilled, uneducatedFactory workers in cities – unskilled, uneducated
Also poor farmers in countrysideAlso poor farmers in countryside
19. Women’s “Place” in SocietyWomen’s “Place” in Society
Middle Class:
Emotional haven for husbands;
refuge from rat race
Moral center of family – church
Charitable activities
Judicious & frugal shoppers
Working Class:
Mills, domestic servants…
After marriage may not work
outside of home due to…?
20. 4.4. New Patterns of WorkNew Patterns of Work
(You already know this)(You already know this)
Rigid timetables,Rigid timetables,
Strict discipline,Strict discipline,
Fines,Fines,
Lack of Sanitation,Lack of Sanitation,
Lack of transportation,Lack of transportation,
Few breaks.Few breaks.
Child LaborChild Labor
Long hours ofLong hours of
tedious, dangerous worktedious, dangerous work ..
Benefit…?
21. Factories Replaced Putting OutFactories Replaced Putting Out
SystemSystem
Centralized location.Centralized location.
ConstantConstant ManagerialManagerial
Supervision.Supervision.
Gulf between owner,Gulf between owner,
management, worker.management, worker.
Pace & structure ofPace & structure of
work changed.work changed.
Artisan class inArtisan class in
jeopardyjeopardy
Luddites.Luddites.
23. Fewer FarmersFewer Farmers
Food more nutritiousFood more nutritious
MachinesMachines – more power to do more work faster,– more power to do more work faster,
so didn’t need so many Farm Workers.so didn’t need so many Farm Workers.
Increased populationIncreased population
due to decreased mortality (not increased births)due to decreased mortality (not increased births)
needed to leave the farm… move to the city.needed to leave the farm… move to the city.
Worked with extended family, at home, receivedWorked with extended family, at home, received
guests, tookguests, took breaks…time was their ownbreaks…time was their own…Began…Began
to hireto hire seasonal farm workersseasonal farm workers ..
Did not see or want consumer goodsDid not see or want consumer goods
Fresh air, sanitaryFresh air, sanitary
26. DEMOGRAPHY
• What can it tell us about a society?
• To what extent is it PREDICTIVE?
“Using Math in Social Studies”
See Class Demography Hand-out
27. Charting Population InformationCharting Population Information
““Population Pyramid”Population Pyramid”
Sex, Age “cohorts”Sex, Age “cohorts”
Traditional Population
28. The Effect of the Industrial Revolution?The Effect of the Industrial Revolution?
35. 6.6.Reaction to Abuses ofReaction to Abuses of
Industrial Revolution:Industrial Revolution:
Reform MovementReform Movement
Britain:Britain:
Slave Trade
outlawed,1807
Slavery outlawed in England, 1833
Factory Act of 1883Factory Act of 1883
Limiting work hours
Restricting children from working in factories
Safer, cleaner factories
Socialist
SocialistAnswer
Answer
Benefited the Masses
36. 7. USA – Reaction to Abuses7. USA – Reaction to Abuses
Labor Movement:Labor Movement:
Left market mostly free to police itself
Some government oversight & regulation
Labor UnionsLabor Unions
Slavery outlawed
NeedNeed
Consumers,Consumers,
Not SlavesNot Slaves!!
CAPITALIS
CAPITALISTT
Answer
AnswerBenefitted the Masses
& Protected the Capitalists
37. Other Reactions toOther Reactions to
Industrial Revolution:Industrial Revolution:
8.8. Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists ::
Restructure societyRestructure society equitableequitable..
Robert OwenRobert Owen – changed squalid– changed squalid
Scottish town ofScottish town of New LanarckNew Lanarck intointo
model industrial communitymodel industrial community
Raised wagesRaised wages
Reduced workday to 10 hours from 17;Reduced workday to 10 hours from 17;
spacious housing;spacious housing;
Store that sold goods at FAIR pricesStore that sold goods at FAIR prices
100,000 citizens: 500 poor children – sent100,000 citizens: 500 poor children – sent
to school, not factoryto school, not factory
Blue Print for Socialists/ProgressivesBlue Print for Socialists/Progressives
38. 9. Revolutionary &9. Revolutionary &
Evolutionary Socialists:Evolutionary Socialists:
Karl MarxKarl Marx (1818-1883)
German economist & philosopher; lived
in poverty
Seeking to uncover “natural laws” of society
Das Kapital
Communist Manifesto (with Engels)
““History of all hitherto existing society isHistory of all hitherto existing society is
the history of class struggle”the history of class struggle”
Capitalism exploits workers… When they finally realize this,
Workers will revolt and take control of production (example:
Luddities?)…Dialectical Materialism.
39. ““From each according to ability; to eachFrom each according to ability; to each
according to need.”according to need.”
““Religion is the opiate of the masses.”Religion is the opiate of the masses.”
“The workers of the world have nothing to lose, but their
chains. Workers of the world unite!”
““Democracy is the roadDemocracy is the road
to Socialism.”to Socialism.”
“…Great social changes are impossible without
feminine upheaval. Social progress can be
measured exactly by the social position of the
fair sex…”
“The Internationale:” “The International
Working class shall free the human race…”
40. 10. IMMIGRATION10. IMMIGRATION
ImmigrantsImmigrants arrived in Americas toarrived in Americas to
dodo ANY WORK THEY COULD!!!ANY WORK THEY COULD!!!
50 Million from 1800 – 1920 to50 Million from 1800 – 1920 to
North & South AmericaNorth & South America
Industrial Revolution drew people ….
41. MassiveMassive Migration to NewMigration to New
WorldWorld
1800 – 19201800 – 1920
50 Million Europeans50 Million Europeans
North & SouthNorth & South
AmericaAmerica
Fled:
Irish potato famine
Anti-Semitism in Russia
Poverty, joblessness, poor working
conditions everywhere… but in the USA!
Why so WELCOME??
42. Russia:Russia:
RadicalizationRadicalization
Brutal Industrialization
Policies of Czar &
Boyars
Insurrection- 1905 – vs.
Industrialization
“Soviets” – representative
councils created by workers
1905 Czarist Reforms
-Constitution,
-Nat’l Assembly- “Duma”
-Legalized trade unions &
Pol Parties
Too many wars, too many
losses! Too much abuse!
1917 Bolshevik Revolution –1917 Bolshevik Revolution –
LeninLenin
The most radical group led t he movement
f or “Peace, Land, Bread”
11.11.
43. 12. Latin AmericaIndependence Struggle had decimated countryside.
Liberal vs. ConservativeConservative Factions in conflict.
Regional conflicts & divisions.
CAUDILLOSCAUDILLOS – military
strongmen- protectors of order &
property (Santa AnaSanta Ana – Mexico)
CreolesCreoles owned most land & means of production-
1% - Confiscated land from poor w Government help
ArmyArmy - Some Mixed Race – social mobility
ProfessionalsProfessionals - teachers, shopkeepers, artisans,
doctors, lawyers, office workers- 8%
90%90% = Mixed race, indigenous – impoverished, small
subsistence farms in rural areas; laboring in mines or
on haciendas of wealthy, later railroads, ports, few
factories.
44. Mexico: Revolution!Mexico: Revolution!
Dictator Porfirio DíazDictator Porfirio Díaz
Pancho Villa & Emiliano ZapataPancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata
Peasant armies – seized land from hacendados
10% population killed.
Transformed Mexico:
- Constitution 1917
- Universal Suffrage
- Some redistribution of land
- Stripped the Catholic Church of land in
Mexico, & public education
- Workers’ rights – minimum wage, 8-hr day
- Restricted foreign ownership of property
45. Latin America:
“Dependent“Dependent
Development”Development”
Raw Materials shipped abroad
Silver- Mexico; Copper- Chile; Tin- Bolivia; Nitrates &
guano- Chile; Rubber – Amazon;sisal – Mexico;
Bananas – Central America; Beef – Argentina; Cacao
– Ecuador; Coffee- Brazil; Sugar - Cuba
Europeanizing the elite population
Indirect Colonialism: Foreign
Investment
- GB (Argentina), USA (Mexico) – railroads - to
transport raw materials to coasts
Direct Intervention:
- Repeated US military intervention in support of
American corporate interests in Central America for
United Fruit Company, and in Cuba, Haiti, DR,
Nicaragua, Mexico.
- Panama Canal controlled by US.
46. THE ENDTHE END
Be sure to watch for our next feature presentation,
coming soon to a screen near you:
““Oh, that crazyOh, that crazy
Imperialism!”Imperialism!”
Starring Great Britain! In the role that
made her infamous!
…and introducing… UNCLE SAM as
United States of America! in his first
imperialist role outside of the
Americas!
With special guest appearances by France, BELGIUM, and
newly industrialized newcomers Germany and Japan!
Oh, That Crazy
Imperialism!
Hinweis der Redaktion
Belief that a man must be able to support his wife and family or he is not a man.
Stable – unchanging pattern of fertility & mortality; more women than men in elderly cohort.
Some scholars trace the origin of the phrase to the New Testament.[8][9] In Acts of the Apostles the lifestyle of the community of believers in Jerusalem is described as communal (without individual possession), and uses the phrase "distribution was made unto every man according as he had need":
Acts 4:32–35: 32 And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul: neither said any of them that ought of the things which he possessed was his own; but they had all things common. 33 And with great power gave the apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus: and great grace was upon them all. 34 Neither was there any among them that lacked: for as many as were possessors of lands or houses sold them, and brought the prices of the things that were sold, 35 And laid them down at the apostles' feet: and distribution was made unto every man according as he had need.
And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself – Antonio Banderas