This document provides an overview of major events and developments in Europe, Africa, and the Americas between 1450 and 1750. It discusses the age of exploration led by Portugal and Spain in the 15th-16th centuries, including Prince Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama's voyage to India, and Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. It then covers the establishment of colonies in the Americas by Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. The document also summarizes the introduction and impacts of slavery, the rise of the sugar and silver economies, and the development of the mercantilist economic system between 1450-1750.
Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
Atlantic world 2013 americas, africa
1. 1450 - 1750
Janet Pareja, Signature School AP World History, Evansville, Indiana, outdoes
herself in this now Legendary power point. Re-released in 2015 for your enjoyment.
2. Spain & Portugal: Kick-off!
Prince Henry the Navigator – 1488
Bartolomeu Diaz – 1488
Vasco da Gama- 1497
Rounded tip of Africa India
Columbus – 1492…
Amerigo Vespucci – 1500
S. America =huge!
Ponce de Leon – 1513
Florida, Spain
Vasco de Balboa – 1513
C. Am., Spain, Pacific!
Ferdinand Magellan – 1519
Around tip of S. Am. – Port.
Died: Phillippines; Crew
Circumnavigated
England, Netherlands,
France join the game!
Verrazano – 1524 – N. Am for France
Sir Francis Drake – 1578 – 1st English to
circumnavigate; Explored Pacific &
sought NW passage
John Cabot – 1597 – N. Am coast – Eng.
Henry Hudson – 1609 – Dutch –
sought north passage, Hudson River &
claimed New York for Dutch
6. Desired luxury goods / wealth
Merchants – personal wealth!
Crown –tax & prestige & war!
Fierce competition! Prestige, wealth.
Wealthy & Strong Monarchs
“Renaissance Effect” - Innovation &
Imagination
Humanism:
belief that Man CAN do anything
with God’s help…For God, King
and Profit!
Missionary fervor
Desire for more land for growing population?
Nouveau riche?
7. One of the few crops both hemispheres had in common: COTTON.
Grape vines, peas, beef & dairy cattle,
pigs, fowl, sheep, horses…
Squash, peppers, chilis, yams…
8. Plants, Animals:
Food…Cash Crops –
Wheat, grapes, corn,
potatoes… tobacco, sugar…
Food, pack animals, dairy,
leather - Horse, cows,
sheep, pigs… domestic
animals.
PLAGUE of PEOPLE:
Colonists
Armies & Administrators
Slaves
Few:
New strains of Syphilis
Chagas Disease (S. America)
Possibly Tuberculosis
Most of humanity’s worst
inflictions:
Smallpox
Malaria
Yellow Fever
Measles
Cholera
Typhoid
Bubonic Plague…
“The Great Dying:”
9. YOU tell ME… No, SHOW me!
Signature
School
Community
Service1 Week
15. St. Augustine, Fla.
Panama City, Fla.
Concepcion, Chile
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Salvador, Brazil
16. Exaggeration?
Native Americans were not immune to Old
World diseases, notably Small Pox.
Many were worked to death in the mines
and fields.
Others were put to death when they
revolted.
Yet others committed suicide, throwing
themselves off cliffs or consuming
poisonous leaves, to escape their cruel
masters.
Some scholars suggest that by 1531 their
population shrunk between 80% and 90%.
“There were 60,000 people living on this island
[when I arrived in 1508], including the Indians;
so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million
people had perished from war, slavery and the
mines. Who in future generations will believe
this?”
The Spaniards "made bets as to who would slit
a man in two, or cut off his head at one blow; or
they opened up his bowels. They tore the
babes from their mothers breast by their feet,
and dashed their heads against the rocks...they
spitted the bodies of other babes, together with
their mothers and all who were before them, on
their swords....and by thirteens, in honor and
reverence for our Redeemer and the twelve
Apostles they put wood underneath and, with
fire, they burned the Indians alive…"
17. Convert the indigenous
people
Often gathered them on
church land, converted,
to save from slavery
Interrupted their
culture
Infectious European
diseases spread
18. Mexico City & Lima, Peru
Viceroys – “in the name of”-
representatives of Spanish King
Tremendous power
Not royals usually
Audencias – review courts &
legislators
Capitancias- military districts
countries later
20. Born in colonies to Spanish
parents
Looked down upon because
not born in Spain. Could not
hold highest posts.
Educated, wealthy, inherited
land…
After many generations
demanded recognition
Elena
Alejandro Murrieta
23. 1. De Español y d'India, Mestisa
2. De español y Mestiza, Castiza
3. De Español y Castiza, Español
4. De Español y Negra, Mulata
5. De Español y Mulata, Morisca
6. De Español y Morisca, Albina
7. De Español y Albina, Torna atrás
8. De Español y Torna atrás, Tente en
el aire
9. De Negro y d'India, China cambuja.
10. De Chino cambujo y d'India; Loba
11. De Lobo y d'India, Albarazado
12. De Albarazado y Mestiza, Barcino
13 De Indio y Barcina; Zambuigua
14. De Castizo y Mestiza; Chamizo
15. De Mestizo y d'India; Coyote
16. Indios gentiles (Heathen Indians)
24. Peninsulares given:
Land & everything
on/under it… mineral
rights, agriculture, rivers,
etc.
Native workers for
Agriculture, Mining,
Manufacture… slaves!
Peninsulares required to
“Protect” & Convert native
workers
Church protested
to Viceroys,
King, Pope…
Spanish Forced Labor System
25. Still required to work mines &
haciendas, BUT:
Limited work hours, days
Minimal Wages
BUT, State projects were still required
Based on:
MITA Labor/Tribute System
Inca roads
SILVER MINES
Abusive, though paid – never
returned!
28. 1/5 of silver
production directly
Spanish Crown
Tax on all mineral
products
Funded:
Spanish wars in Europe
Hapsburgian Rulers
Spanish Armada
Trade with China, Europe
37. Colonial society created to resemble the IDEAL
Europe - ideal, that is, for the Entrepreneur!
Strongly hierarchical government & society,
under power of home monarchy: Spain or
Portugal
“For God, King and Profit!” - Missionary,
Patriotic & Entrepreneurial Motives
Key products: Sugar and Silver (Brazil and New
Spain)
Indigenous labor Indenture Slave Labor
38. EXPLOITATION
NATURAL RESOURCES
PEOPLE!!
Did not bring Wives,
Families, Possessions
From Spain…
How did that affect Spanish
Colonial Society?
40. English, Dutch, French…
Under Direct Control of Private
Investors, NOT home government!
Port Royal, Quebec
Jamestown & Massachusetts Bay
New Amsterdam
New Spain: North America:
- No families/women; - Immigration – women,
- children, families
- Intermingling; - No intermingling;
- More slaves - More Indentured Servants
- Indentured later - Slaves later
41. “English concept of, and DEMAND for, PRIVATE
OWNERSHIP of LAND was a strange & threatening
concept for indigenous population.”
WHY?
English Enclosure
Laws
1750-1800’s & before
No free range farming
Colonists hungry for land…
42. Church on the
side of
Entrepreneurs!
Do whatever it
takes to earn
the most
money!
43. The “Beauty” of a Joint Stock Company:
Pools investments – proportional risk & profit
Shares / stock in companies
Church revised ban on lending and
charging interest Banking respectable
Caravel - Huge & FAST
“Free” Goods – exploited…
Large Wealthy Merchant Class
44. MONOPOLIES granted
on Trade Routes:
British East India Company
VOC – Dutch - Spice Islands (Indonesia)
Royal Muscovy Company –
British to Russia
Original Red Coat
45.
46.
47.
48. 1. Import inexpensive raw materials;
Export expensive finished
/manufactured products
2. COLONIZE!
Produce raw materials for Mother
Buy finished products from Mother
3. Competition between countries:
Tariffs on outsider imports
No tariffs on imports from/to own
colonies/Mother (part of same family,
right?)
49. Are in competition with all other European countries
You have colonies, and you MUST HAVE COLONIES!
You IMPORT RAW MATERIALS ($) and EXPORT
MANUFACTURED GOODS ($$$)
TAX GOODS imported from other countries outside
the mother-country-colony system.
Have a powerful, wealthy ruler and a very wealthy
new MERCHANT CLASS…
who are also starting to feel
somewhat powerful!
58. Looking back, John Adams concluded in 1818:
"The Revolution was effected before the war
commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and
hearts of the people....This radical change in the
principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of
the people was the real American Revolution."
63. (Ghana, Mali) Songhai
fell to Moroccan guns
small regional kingdoms
Portuguese built forts &
churches along coast
Began to trade & convert…
and buy slaves.
Swahili City States –>
Portuguese cannons &
navy – 1505
Disrupted trade w/ Arabs
Portuguese picked up
trade…
Swahili City States never
fully recovered.
64. Centralized state along Congo River
1483- Portuguese began commercial
relations
Emissaries to Portugal from Kongo.
Portuguese sent priests, artisans,
European goods, including a printing
press.
King converted to Christianity; sent
son to school in Portugal, returned as
Catholic bishop to Kongo.
Court spoke Portuguese, European
etiquette, etc. King changed name to
Afonso I .
Sought mutually beneficial trade
relationship with Portugal…including a
carefully controlled slave trade…
65.
66. "Each day the traders are kidnapping our
people - children of this country, sons of our
nobles and vassals, even people of our own
family. This corruption and depravity are so
widespread that our land is entirely depopulated. We need in this
kingdom only priests and schoolteachers, and no merchandise,
unless it is wine and flour for Mass. It is our wish that this
Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves.”
“Many of our subjects eagerly lust after Portuguese merchandise
that your subjects have brought into our domains. To satisfy this
inordinate appetite, they seize many of our … free subjects.... They
sell them. After having taken these prisoners [to the coast] secretly
or at night..... (and) As soon as the captives are in the hands of
white men they are branded with a red-hot iron….”
67. By the mid-1600’s European colonists living in
the area went to war with the next King of Kongo…
and beheaded him.
The Portuguese moved on to Angola…
What is the Significance of learning
about the Kingdom of Kongo?
68. Colony for Portuguese slave
trade
King Nzinga
Allied w/ Dutch to drive out the
Portuguese; then expelled the
Dutch!
Wanted to create a vast central
African empire
After her death, Angola became
the first fully European colony
in Africa.
Significance?
69. Regional Kingdoms
1652 - Dutch trade trading post at Cape Town
1700 – Colonists
Became the most prosperous European colony in
Sub-Saharan Africa
Significance??
70. 1745 - 1797
Ex-Slave
Abolitionist
Painting in Royal Albert Museum
72. Diversion of trade away from
Muslim world:
Trans-Atlantic largely replaced trans-
Saharan trade.
Europe side-steps Arab “middle man”
for cotton, sugar cane, coffee, gold, etc.
Silver mining – trade with China via Europe
& Manila Galleons
European wealth & capital
increased.
Merchants & Monarchs profited.
More economic change, ie:
Industrial Revolution
73. Some African merchants, rulers, states
benefited.
Weakened trade inside Africa:
Internal trade not a priority.
Trade with Islamic Caliphate
changed/suffered.
Demographics changed : for
generations, impacting cultures and
economies.
With “guns for slaves” trade, political
instability in African slave trading states
and nearby states… which continues
today.
Nigeria
Darfur
Somalia
75. 1771 - James Somerset
Escaped slavery in the US and came to England. His
master pursued him, and the British government
refused to return him to his previous owner.
Somerset was set free. But slaves continued to be sold in
Britain and British slaves ships continued taking slaves
to the Caribbean.
1780's - Quakers under
Granville Sharp publicly campaigned
against slavery.
WILLIAM WILBERFORCE
became a leading abolitionist, tirelessly lobbying
public opinion and parliament.
Abolitionists also resettled freed
slaves in Africa.
77. Industrial
Revolution in
Britain
Efficiency in marketplace of products and jobs
Free trade , not Mercantilism
Free labor, not slaves who had no purchasing
power and had to be maintained when their
health was poor
78. American
Revolution - Britain
lost her colonies in
N. America – 1776.
French Revolution
Universal liberty,
brotherhood, and
equality
79. Britain … mechanizing…
1807 the British government
declared buying,
transporting, selling of slaves
illegal. WHY?
1834 – Illegal to OWN slaves &
do business with Britain:
Freed all children under six in the West Indies.
All other ex-slaves were called apprentices and
had to work for nothing for six years.
Planters were compensated totaling £20 million.
80. 1838 - Apprenticeships outlawed in
Britain as “cruel & repressive”
British abolitionists toured the world, speaking out.
Great resentment from Americans.
1865- Slavery abolished in the United States after
the Civil War. But the freed slave in the south
continued to suffer.
1888 - Brazil was the last country in Americas to
abolish slavery.