Week 3 powerpoint presentation for Year 9 History topic "Making of a Nation".

1. Making of a nation:
Australia
Expansion, contact, resistance

2. Today‘s lesson
Quiz: Review definitions
―Expansion, contact, resistance‖ explore
meaning.
Definitions
Growth of Queensland (data and graph)
Resistance: Frontier Wars (source exploration)
Change (Explore sources)
Homework

3. Quiz:Definitions
1. The biggest conflict between white people and the aboriginal.
2. South Sea Islanders between 1863 and 1904 were often employed
as……….
3. The policy of seeking to extend the power and the territories of a
particular, dominant nation to create an empire.
4. Australian term ‗blue collar‘ workers refers to this group.
5. The feeling of belonging to a nation.
6. Farmers or agriculturalists engaged in raising animals for food or
other resources.
7. Delegates whose aim is to draft or revise a constitution
8. Sometimes referred to as the ‗frontier wars‘.Indentured labour, working class, nationalism. Pastoralists,
land, imperialism, Constitutional convention, Frontier
violence

4. Definitions
Squatter
• In Australian history, a squatter was one who occupied a large tract of Crown
land in order to graze livestock.
• Initially often having no legal rights to the land, they gained its usage by being
the first (and often the only) Europeans in the area.
Penal Colony
• A penal colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from
the general populace by placing them in a remote location, often an island or
distant colonial territory.
Prosperity
• Prosperity is the state of flourishing, thriving, good fortune and / or
successful social status.
• Prosperity often encompasses wealth but also includes others factors which are
independent of wealth to varying degrees, such as happiness and health.

5. Massacre
• An indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people.
• Massacres on Australia's frontier tended to fall under a veil of secrecy due to
fear of possible legal consequences,
• They remained unrecorded as a general rule
Attitudes
• A settled way of thinking or feeling, typically reflected in a person's behavior.
Guerrilla-like warfare
• War tactics which include ambushes, sabotage, raids and elements of surprise.
Environmental impact
• A change in the make-up, working, or appearance of the environment. These
changes may be planned or accidental.
• Many introduced species of animals and plants had an negative effect on the
Australian environment.

6. Source 1: Growth of colonial
Queensland
‗Colonial Queensland grew rapidly. In the first six years [from 1859] the
population rose from 28 000 to over 96 000. By 1865 the government was
raising over £224,000 per year in the sale of Crown lands1. The number of
squatting runs2 leased rose to 3 236 representing more than 98 million
acres — almost a quarter of the colony. Ironically, the publication and
distribution of the atlas [published for Queensland] coincided with the
severe economic depression of 1866 which saw sales of land decline from
the highs of 1865, but the number of squatting runs continues to increase.
The rapidity and wide-scale of this land acquisition saw widespread
conflict with Aboriginal groups.‘
Stell, M 2011, Queensland Historical Atlas,
http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/first-queensland-atlas-1865
1 Crown land: Land owned by the British Crown (monarch -government)
2 Squatting runs: land taken up by squatters (people who occupied a large
tract of Crown land in order to graze livestock, i.e. cattle or sheep). Many
of the large properties created in the 19th century on the Darling Downs,
for example, were squatters‘ run

7. Source 2: Queensland’s population
growth from 1860 to 1884

8. Source 2: Queensland’s population
growth from 1860 to 1884
Queensland:hernatural,agricultural,pastoralandmineralresources.
Brisbane:PublicRelationsOffice.PremierandChiefSecretary'sDepartment,Queensland,
1900?Recordno.695039.-http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/resources/maps

9. Resource rich Queensland
1. Population growth in Qld
• 1869 and 1879 107,974
• 1879 and 1884 92,062
2. The obvious reason is that it was profitable, as stated: ‗the government
was raising over £224,000 per year in the sale of Crown lands‘. But it can
also be inferred that it suited the government to encourage settlement on
the land by the growing number of Queenslanders because it would mean
that the government derived money from tax as well as sales. The
government also wanted to encourage settlement on the frontier.
3. Somewhere around 25%.
4. Sheep dominate the central interior but not the far north. Cattle
dominate the west and far north, but not the wetter coastal areas.
5. To indicate their significance to the Queensland economy.

10. Source 4: Cornerstone of Q‘ld
Economy
‗By 1859 the pastoral grazing of sheep and cattle had
completely transformed at least a quarter of the land use in
Queensland and had become the cornerstone of the
colonial economy. Three and a half million sheep and
some 500 000 cattle grazed across a quarter of the
colony‘s land mass, and pastoral concerns generated 70
per cent of revenue and over 90 per cent of exports.
―Wool, tallow1, and hides are the great staple products of
our colony‖, observed the Brisbane Courier in 1861. ―Upon
the successful working of the princely properties on which
this produce is raised depends... the growth and stability of
the wealth of the country‖‘
Ginn S 2010, Pastoralism 1860s – 1915,
http://www.qhatlas.com.au/pastoralism-1860s-1915
Tallow: Hard fat obtained from parts of the bodies of cattle,
sheep or horses and used in foodstuffs or to make candles,

11. Source 5: Value of the pastoral industry
‗Any examination of Queensland‘s… official statistics clearly demonstrates the
importance of the pastoral sector [i.e. raising of sheep and cattle] to the
development of Queensland‘s economy.
‗Queensland‘s development laws in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused
almost entirely upon building more rail networks. These were linked to a growing
pastoral industry… the government and many others wanted to increase farm
production (wool, beef and so on) so that Queensland could sell products both
interstate and overseas…
‗Pastoralism suited the politics and economics of Britain. Pastoralism provided a
significant source of raw materials for British factories. It also helped with the
economic and demographic [population related] expansion of the British Empire.
Queensland‘s economy was also dominated by the same desires [for raw materials
and food and products to sell, expanding settlement, etc.]… The way Queensland‘s
political economy worked benefitted the pastoral sector…‘
Adapted from ‗Political Economics: the State and Economic Growth in Queensland,
1900 – 1913‘ in Cameron, David Bruce 1999, An historical assessment of economic
development, manufacturing and the political economy of Queensland, 1900 to
1930, University of Queensland,

12. Source 6: Riding on the sheep‘s back

13. Importance of the pastoral industry
6.
‗…had completely transformed at least a quarter of
the land use in Queensland and had become the
cornerstone of the colonial economy‘ (Source 4) and
‗pastoral concerns generated 70 per cent of revenue
and over 90 per cent of exports‘ (Source 4) and note
also that state development was linked to pastoral
industry requirements as with building the railways
(Source 5).
7.
Erosion and damage to the soil (the animals have
hard hooves and are very numerous). The
pastoralists would need to chop down trees to build
yards and fencing and perhaps to feed livestock
during droughts.

14. Source 7: Explorer Thomas Mitchell,
1846
‗[Cattle] find these places [i.e.
waterholes] and come from stations
often many miles distant, attracted by
the rich verdure [plants] growing about
them, and by thus treading the water
into mud, or by drinking it up, they
literally destroy the whole country for
the Aborigines.‘
Mitchell T 1846, ‗Journal of an expedition‘, cited in Reynolds, H 1981, The
Other Side of the Frontier, UNSW Press, Sydney, pp. 156 – 157

15. Source 8: North Queensland
pioneer, 1898
‗They [the cattle] trample out the signs of
turtles found in dried-out swamps; the trail
of the crocodile to his nest; they eat the
tops of the yams, and eat and destroy the
lilies; all of which make their [the
Aborigines‘] food scarcer and harder to
find.‘
‗Bulleta: The case for the Aboriginals‘ (12 November 1898), Queenslander, cited in
Reynolds, H 1981, The Other Side of the Frontier, UNSW Press, Sydney, pp. 158 –
159

16. Source 9: Kangaroo sticking on the
Darling Downs, 1894

17. Source 9 Answers
8. Note this quote: ‗they trample out the signs of turtles found
in dried-out swamps; the trail of the crocodile to his nest;
they eat the tops of the yams, and eat and destroy the
lilies; all of which make their [the Aborigines‘] food scarcer
and harder to find‘ (Source 8). Note also that Mitchell says
the cattle ‗destroy the country for the Aborigines‘ (Source
7). The cattle dirtied the water and destroyed the
vegetation around the waterholes (Source 7).
9. As indicated conflict arose not only over ‗water rights‘,
European settlers also directly competed for other food
sources.
10. The effect of these activities would be detrimental to the
relationship between Europeans and Aborigines because
of competition for sometimes scarce resources such as
water and pasture (for the Europeans‘ cattle and sheep
and for the Aboriginal peoples‘ reliance on hunting animals
such as wallabies).

18. Source 10: The Moreton Bay Courier,
1846
‗The first footmark of civilisation on the hitherto trackless
wilds, the first symptom of the victory which sciences and
the arts were about to achieve over barbarous ignorance.
The first faint rays from the beacon flame of knowledge,
meeting and dispelling the darkness of lower superstition.
The home of the savage had become the home of
civilised man.‘
Part of a transcript of an interview with Lecturer at CQU, Denis Cryle
2005, in an ABC radio interview with Donna McLachlan,
http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifelonglearning/the-
colonial-press/3422828#transcript
(transcript of an interview with Denis Cryle, Lecturer at CQU, in an
ABC radio interview with Donna McLachlan, (2005),
http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifelonglearning/the-
colonial-press/3422828#transcript)

19. Source 11: Queenslander, 1880
‘This, in plain language, is how we deal with the aborigines: On
occupying new territory the Aboriginal people are treated
exactly in the same way as the wild beasts or birds the settlers
may find there. Their lives and their property, the nets, canoes,
and weapons which represent as much labour to them as the
stock and buildings of the white settler, are held by the
Europeans as being at their absolute disposal. Their goods are
taken, their children forcibly stolen, their women carried away,
entirely at the caprice [whim] of the white men. The least show
of resistance is met by a rifle bullet.
‘Evidently settlement must be delayed until the work of
extermination is complete… or until some more rational and
humane way of dealing with the blacks is adopted. It is surely
advisable, even at this the eleventh hour, to try the more
creditable alternative… to see if we can efface [wipe away]
some portion of the stain which attaches to us.’
Queenslander, 1 May1880, cited in Kidd R 1997, The way we
civilise, QUP, Brisbane, pp. xv - xvii

20. Source 12: Wikipedia on frontier wars
in Q’ld
‗Fighting between Aborigines and settlers in colonial Queensland was more bloody than
any other state and colony in Australia, likely due to Queensland having a larger pre-
contact indigenous population than other colonies in Australia, singularly accounting for
over one third and in some estimates close to forty per cent of the entire pre-contact
population of Australia. The latest and hitherto most comprehensive survey states that
some 1 500 European settlers and their allies (Chinese, Aboriginal and Melanesian
assistants) were killed in frontier skirmishes during the nineteenth century; the same
study similarly indicates the actual casualties Aboriginal people suffered, in the
skirmishes with the native police and settlers and by contemporary political leaders
frequently classified as ―warfare‖, ―a kind of warfare‖, ―guerrilla-like warfare‖ and at times
as a ―war of extermination‖, is highly likely to exceed 30 000. That is a tripling of the
hitherto used estimates for Queensland.[6] A Queensland government paid force, the so-
called ―Native Police Force‖ (sometimes 'Native Mounted Police Force'), was a key
instrument in the dispossession and oppression of indigenous people.‘[7]
‗The three largest massacres on whites by Aborigines in Australian colonial history all
took place in Queensland. On 27 October 1857 Martha Fraser's Hornet Bank station on
the Dawson River, in central Queensland took the lives of 11 Europeans.[8] The tent
camp of the embryo station of Cullin-La-Ringo near Springsure was attacked by
Aborigines on 17 Oct 1861 killing 19 people including the grazier Horatio Wills.[9]
Following the wreck of the brig Maria at Bramble Reef near the Whitsunday Islands on
26 February a total of 14 European survivors [were] massacred by local Aborigines.‘[10]
Ørsted-Jensen, Robert: Frontier History Revisited: Colonial Queensland and the 'History War,
Brisbane 2011; Evans, Raymond: The country has another past: Queensland and the History Wars,
in ‘Passionate Histories: Myth, memory and Indigenous Australia’ Aboriginal History Monograph 21,
September 2010 (Edited by Frances Peters-Little, Ann Curthoys and John Docker).; Queenslander 1
May 1880 & Brisbane Courier, 8 May 1880, p.2e-f, editorial; The Way We Civilise; Black and White;
The Native Police: - A series of articles and letters Reprinted from the ‗Queenslander‘ (Brisbane,

21. Wikipaedia References
Welcome to Frontier". Abc.net.au. http://www.abc.net.au/frontier/stories/ep3.htm. Retrieved
2010-08-04.
Australia. "Stories of the Dreaming - Australian Museum". Dreamtime.net.au.
http://www.dreamtime.net.au/indigenous/timeline2.cfm. Retrieved 2010-08-04. ; NSWV&P
re 26 Oct 1857; MBC Nov 14, 1857. Book: Reid, Gordon: A Nest of Hornets: The Massacre
of the Fraser family at Hornet Bank Station, Central Queensland, 1857, and related events,
Melbourne 1982.
Queensland State Archive re 11 Nov 1861 - COL/R2/61/893; 12 Nov 1861 -
COL/R2/61/894; 30 Oct 1861 - COL/A22/61/2790; Rockhampton Bulletin 29 Oct 1861;
Brisbane Courier 5 Nov 1861, p2d. Brisbane Courier 9 Nov 1861, p2c-d; Brisbane Courier
11 Nov 1861, p2g-3a; Brisbane Courier 9 Dec 1861, p3c-d Book: Reid, Gordon: A Nest of
Hornets: The Massacre of the Fraser family at Hornet Bank Station, Central Queensland,
1857, and related events, Melbourne 1982.
Sydney Morning Herald 7 Mar 1872; Sydney Morning Herald 11 Mar 1872; Port Denison
Times 28 Mar 1872; Brisbane Courier 4/4/72; Queensland State Archive
COL/A172/72/1812; Queenslander 6 Apr 1872, p9; Sydney Morning Herald 2 Feb 1874,
p3e-f.
Source: History of Queensland. In Wikipedia. From
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Queensland#cite_note-5

22. Source 13: The cycle of violence on
the frontier, Cullin-La-Ringo, 1861
‗Thomas Wentworth Wills1 narrowly escaped death on 17 October 1861 when his father [Horatio] and
18 others were killed at Cullin-La-Ringo Station on Garden Creek, near Springsure [central
Queensland]...
‗The attack at Cullin-La-Ringo… was the largest massacre of whites by Aborigines in Australian
history. It was a payback massacre, part of the savage frontier guerrilla war that was being waged at
the time. Fifty miles from Cullin-La-Ringo and north of the Expedition and Staircase Ranges, some
local graziers in 1861 were poisoning Kairi Kairi water holes and shooting Aboriginal people, while the
native mounted police were being encouraged to forcibly evict Aboriginal people from station and
river camps.
‗Tommy [Wills] was away at Albinia Downs collecting stores with his stockmen Jim Baker and Bill
Albury when the massacre occurred. Horatio [Wills] had a very positive relationship with Aboriginal
people in Western Victoria and he insisted on locking all firearms away.
‗Of course, [after the massacre at Cullin-La-Ringo], another payback massacre followed and more
than 200 local tribesmen and their families were slaughtered as they fled towards Mount Wandoo.
P.F. McDonald later wrote, ―It is not easy that a place so gifted by nature should be the scene of such
a cruel massacre…‖ Charles Dutton of Bauhinia Downs wrote ―The Aborigines have one feeling in
common with whites — that of deep implacable revenge for unprovoked injury‖.
‗This young colonial grazier who had witnessed the murder of his father, at the age of 26, stayed on
to build the 200 000 square mile Cullin-La-Ringo property, with the few remaining shepherds, into a
working station, complete with a flock of 10 000 sheep and cattle, yards, sheds and fences.
1 Thomas Wills‘ (Tommy) grandfather was a highway robber named Edward Wills, who was
transported to Australia in 1799. The Wills family had become well known pastoralists. Tommy Wills is
also famous as a champion cricketer and as one of the founders of Australian Rules football.

23. Source 14: A painting of the
aftermath of the Cullin-La-Ringo
massacre, 1861
Source:PaintingbyT.G.Moyle.(1861).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre.jpg

24. Word association
Words associated with
Europeans
Words associated with
Aboriginal peoples and
their land
• civilisation,
• sciences and the
arts,
• beacon
• flame of knowledge,
• civilised man.
trackless wilds,
barbarous ignorance,
darkness of lower
superstition,
the savage.
12.Europeans deserved to do as they please because of their
superior civilisation.

25. Interpreting text answers
13. … They are treated exactly in the same way as the
wild beasts or birds that the settlers may find on the
land. The lives of the Aboriginal peoples and their
property, their nets, canoes, and weapons are held by
the Europeans as being at their absolute disposal.
Their goods are taken, their children forcibly stolen,
their women carried away, entirely at the caprice
[whim] of the white men. The least show of resistance
is met by a rifle bullet…
14. ‗…settlement must be delayed … until some more
rational and humane way of dealing with the blacks is
adopted. It is surely advisable, even at this the
eleventh hour, to try the more creditable alternative…
to see if we can efface [wipe away] some portion of
the stain which attaches to us…‘

26. Interpreting text answers
15. This was ‗likely due to Queensland having a larger pre-contact
Indigenous population than other colonies in Australia‘.
16. ‗the actual casualties Aboriginal people suffered, in the skirmishes with
the native police and settlers and by contemporary political leaders
frequently classified as ―warfare‖, ―a kind of warfare‖, ―guerrilla-like
warfare‖ and at times as a ―war of extermination‖, is highly likely to
exceed 30,000.‘
17. The list of references certainly improves the reliability; even though we
do not know who the author is. This information seems to have serious
and reputable references to back it up, enhancing its reliability.
18. Work through the TADPOLE checklist, focusing on the elements that
are applicable to this source. Consider the purpose of the source
(inform/educate rather than to persuade/warn), check to see if verifiable
facts have been included rather than unsubstantiated opinion (yes),
check the content for references (in this case, scholarly and
specialised) and look for corroborating ideas and evidence in this

27. Cullin-La-Ringo questions
19. The source states that the killing of 19 whites at
Cullin-La-Ringo was a ‗payback massacre‘
because ‗some local graziers in 1861 were
poisoning Kairi Kairi water holes and shooting
Aboriginal people, while the Native Mounted
Police were being encouraged to forcibly evict
Aboriginal people from station and river camps‘.
20. ‗Tommy [Wills]… had a very positive relationship
with Aboriginal people in Western Victoria and he
insisted on locking all firearms away‘.

28. Cullin-La-Ringo questions
21. ‗Another payback massacre followed‘, ‗The
Aborigines have one feeling in common with whites –
that of deep implacable revenge for unprovoked
injury‘.
22. The use of ‗massacre‘ and ‗slaughtered‘ — evaluative
language of judgement — imply that the killings were
not justified. The fact that it mentions ‗families‘ (which
implies women, children and the elderly) also strongly
suggests an unfavourable judgement.
23. While the sources mentioned in Source 13 are all
European, their points of view vary from P.F.
McDonald who wrote of ‗such a cruel massacre‘ and
Charles Dutton‘s observation that the Aborigines and
Europeans shared the feeling of ‗deep implacable
revenge for unprovoked injury‘. Overall the source is
fair and balanced because it identifies motives for the
massacre and shows atrocities committed by both

29. Cullin-La-Ringo massacre, 1861
questions
24. See annotations on the painting above.
25. That of the white settlers. Explain your choice.
Student responses will vary; they may suggest that
the style of painting is European, or that the content
of the painting focuses on the European response to
events. They may indicate that apart from one or two
native police, Aboriginal peoples are absent from the
painting.
26. They may suggest that this was a time when graphic
violence was not exhibited; they may suggest that the
painter did not want to portray the real barbarity of the
killings; they may suggest that the painter did not
actually see the bodies and was constructing this

30. Source 15: Changes over time

31. Changes over time answers
27. It is depicted as free and living in family groups as
hunter-gatherers in harmony with Nature. It is an
idealised view of life before European settlement.
28. The Aborigines are portrayed as dislocated people,
town dwellers dressed in western attire, the men
debilitated by alcohol and the women and children
impacted by that.
29. The cartoonist seems critical of the impact of
European ‗civilisation‘ on Aboriginal peoples in terms
of robbing them of their land and lifestyle, moving
them to towns, and then degrading them by dressing
them as Europeans and introducing them to alcohol.

32. Strengths and weaknesses
Source Strengths Weaknesses
Source 13
Text from Qld
Historical Atlas
Mentions a range of European views from
people both anti and pro the Aboriginal
peoples.
Quotes directly from P. F McDonald and
Charles Dutton, the latter a nearby grazier of
that time.
The fact that this is cited in the Queensland
Historical Atlas underpins its validity.
No Aboriginal views are
represented.
Source 14
Painting by
T.G Moyle
The painting was done in 1861, the year of
the massacre.
That this painting is stored at the John Oxley
Library suggests its value as a primary
source.
The image appears ‗sanitized‘,
and the horror of the massacre is
not evident. Without the previous
source, it would be difficult to
understand the image. Even
when one knows this was a
massacre, it is difficult to
establish details.

33. Homework.
Write down homework activities in diary.

34. Review today‘s lesson
Quiz: Review definitions
―Expansion, contact, resistance‖ explore
meaning.
Definitions
Growth of Queensland (data and graph)
Resistance: Frontier Wars (source exploration)
Change (Explore sources)
Homework