This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of drugs containing lipids. This includes Pharmacognosy of Arachis oil, Cod liver oil, Cocoa butter, Shea butter, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter , Lard, Linseed oil, Rice bran oil, Wheat germ oil, Shark liver oil, Wool fat, Bees wax, Castor oil

1. PREPARED BY: JEGAN.S. NADAR
PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY
OF DRUGS CONTAINING
LIPIDS

2. LIPIDS
1. Arachis oil
2. Cod liver oil
3. Cocoa butter
4. Shea butter
5. Hydnocarpus oil
6. Kokum butter
7. Lard
8. Linseed oil
9. Rice bran oil
10. Wheat germ oil
11. Shark liver oil
12. Wool fat
13. Bees wax
14. Castor oil Jegan

3. ARACHIS OIL
1. Synonym: Groundnut oil, peanut oil, monkeynut oil
2. Biological source: Arachis oil is obtained by expression of shelled and skinned seeds
of Arachia hypogaea belonging to family Papilionaceae
3. Geographical source: South America, North America, Australia, India
4. Preparation:
Jegan

4. Fruits are dug of the soil
Seeds are separated from pericarp by machine
Seeds are expressed in a hydraulic press at ordinary
temperature
The expressed oil (1st fraction) is collected and kept aside
Remaining oil (2nd fraction) of cakes is removed by solvent
extraction
The two oil fractions are combined and purified
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2
3
4
5
6
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5. 5. Chemical Constituents
 The glycerides of groundnut oil are fatty acids of
• Oleic acid (56%)
• Linoleic acid (26%)
• Arachidic acid (24%)
• Palmitic acid (8.3%)
• Stearic acid (3.1%)
• Behenic acid (3.1%)
 The yellow color of the oil is due to carotenoid pigments, chiefly Beta carotene and
lutein
 It also contain sterol- campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, cholesterol
 The Kernel contains
• Fixed oil
• Protein
• Carbohydrate
• water Jegan

6. 6. Use:
• Edible oil
• Solvent in pharmaceutical aid
• Preparation of mayonnaise, margarine
• Used in preparation of soap
• A vehicle for intramuscular injection
• Used in laboratory as a heat transfer medium
Jegan

7. COD LIVER OIL
1. Biological source: It is oil obtained from fresh liver of cod fish, Gadus morrhua and
other species of Gadus, belonging to family Gadidae
2. Geographical source: mainly found in Scotland, Norway, Germany, Iceland and
Denmark
3. Preparation:
Jegan

8. The liver is cleaned
and minced into small
pieces
Heated to 80oC in a
vat using steam for
30min
The enzyme lipase is
destroyed at a
temperature above
70oC
The oil is removed
and put in tin drums
which are encased
with wooden barrel
The barrel are kept
inside the snow and
the oil is cooled to -
2oC to -5oC
The slow cooling
process precipitates
palmitin
Palmitin is separated
by filtration
The residual cake
obtained is subjected
to heating at higher
temperature to
obtain inferior quality
oil
Jegan

9. 5. Chemical constituents
 It has fishy odour and taste
 The cod liver oil contains gylcerides esters of
• linoleic
• Oleic
• Gadoleic
• Myristic acid
• Palmitic acid
 The oil has vitamin A and vitamin D
 It also contains cholesterol, fatty alcohol, sqalene
Jegan

10. 6. Use
• Source of vitamin
• Treatment of rickets, tuberculosis
• As a Nutritive/ dietary supplement
Jegan

11. COCOA BUTTER
1. Synonym: theobroma oil, cacao butter, semina theobromatis
2. Biological source: It is obtained from roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao belonging
to family Malvaceae
3. Geographical source: Cocoa is cultivated in Brazil, Mexico, Ghana, Nigeria
4. Preparation:
Jegan

12. The seeds are separated
from pods and are
allowed to ferment for 6
days
Fermentation takes
place at 30-40o C in
tubes, boxes or cavities
made in earth
During fermentation the
color of seeds changes
from white to reddish
brown
After fermentation
seeds are roasted at
100-140o C to remove
acetic acid and water
The seeds are cooled
and fed into nibbling
machine to remove the
shells
The kernels are then fed
into hot rollers to yield
pasty mass
The pasty mass is
further purified to give
cocoa butter
Jegan

13. 5. Chemical Constituents
It consist of glycerides of
• Stearic acid
• Palmitic acid
• Oleic acid
• Linoleic acid
• Arachidic acid
Jegan

14. 6. Use:
• Used as a emollient
• Base for suppositories
and ointments, creams
• It reduces formation of
stretch mark during
pregnancy by keeping
skin supple
• Used as a ingredient in
lotion, lip balm, lipstick,
soaps
Jegan

15. KOKUM BUTTER
1. Synonym: Goa butter, Kokum, kokum oil, mangosteen oil
2. Biological source: It is a fat obtained by expression from the seeds of Garcinia
indica, Garcinia purpurea belonging to family Gutiferae
3. Geographical source: Thailand, China, Cambodia, India
4. Preparation:
Jegan

16. Fruits are collected, dried and seeds are separated
The kernels from the seeds are churned
It is then boiled with water
The melted fat is separated by skimming process
The fat is then washed with water and decolorized
1
4
3
2
5
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17. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• Seeds contain 30% fat
• Kokum consist of glyceride of
 Stearic acid (55%)
 Oleic acid (40%)
 Palmitic acid (2.5%)
 Hydroxyl capric acid (10%)
 Linoleic acid (1.5%)
Jegan

18. 6.Use:
• It is used as nutritive
• Demulcent
• Astringent
• Emollient
• Used as a base in
suppositories,
creams, ointment,
lotion balms
Jegan

19. HYDNOCARPUS OIL
1. Synonym: Chaulmoogra oil, gynocardia oil
2. Biological source: It is fixed oil obtained by cold expression from ripe seeds of
Teraktogenos kurzii, Hydnocarpus kurzii, Hydnocarpus wightiana and other
species of Hydnocarpus belonging to family Flacourtiaceae
3. Geographical source: Burma, Thailand, Eastern India, China
4. Preparation:
Jegan

20. Fruits are plucked by suitable method
Fruits are peeled by knife and seeds are
washed in water
Seeds are dried in sun
Seeds are decorticated by mallet, hand
hammer or decorticators
Seeds crushed in expeller
Extracted oil is stored in zinc barrels
Jegan

21. 5. Chemical composition
• Chaulmoogra oil contains glycerides of cyclopentenyl fatty acids like
 Hydnocarpic acid (50%)
 Chaulmoogric acid (25%)
 Gorlic acid (5%)
• It also contains palmitic acid (6%) and oleic acid (12%)
Jegan

22. 6. Use:
• Used in treatment of Leprosy
The cyclopentenyl fatty acid exhibit specific toxicity for
Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• Rheumatic pain
• Heals wound and other skin problem
Jegan

23. LARD
1. Biological source: It is the purified Internal fat obtained from the Abdomen of the
hog Sus scrofa belonging to family Suidae
2. Preparation:
Jegan

24. The abdominal fats consist of omentum and other parts of peritoneum
The fats are washed to remove the salts or the preservatives used during storage
They are then hung in a current of air for drying
The omentum and parts of peritoneum are minced to break the membranous
vesicles to liberate lard
Heated to 50-60o C to melt lard
The melted lard is seperated though muslin cloth
Jegan

25. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• Lard consist of about 60% olein and 40% stearin and palmitin mixture
• The oil separated at 0oC is called the lard oil
• About 100grams of lard contains
 900 calories,
 95mg cholesterol,
 40gm saturated fat,
 45gm monounsaturated fatty acids,
 11gm polyunsaturated fatty acids,
 0.6mg vitamin E,
 0.1 mg Zinc,
 0.2 mg selenium
Jegan

26. 6. Use:
• Used as a ointment base
• Used in food manufacturing
• Pure Lard is used for cooking since it produces very
little smoke and has pleasant taste
• Used in difficult bowel movements, dryness in internal
organs like dry cough, skin, eyes, nose and skin
Jegan

27. LINSEED OIL
1. Synonym: Flax seeds, Alsi (Hindi)
2. Biological source: It is obtained by expression of dried ripe seeds of Linum
usitatissimum belonging to family Linaceae
3. Geographical source: South America, England, Canada, Russia
4. Preparation:
Jegan

28. • The dried seeds are crushed in rollers
• Moistened and heated to 80-90 degree in steam to soften
the seed tissue
• Then pressed through hot hydraulic press at high pressure
• The oil so obtained is treated with alkali to separate free
fatty acid
• Bleached with fullers earth or charcoal
• On cooling the oil waxy substance are removed
Jegan

29. 5. Chemical constituents:
• Linseed oil contains
 Fixed oil (30-40%)
 Mucilage (6-10%)
 Protein (25%)
 Small amount of enzyme lipase
 A glycoside-linamarin
• The carbohydrate present are
 Sucrose
 Raffinose
 cellulose
On hydrolysis linseed oil produces fatty
acids like
• Linoleic acid
• Oleic acid
• Linolenic acid
• Myristic
• Stearic
• Palmitic
Jegan

30. 6. Use:
• linseed oil is used as demulcent and in form of poultices for gouty and rheumatic
swelling
• Internally it is used for gonorrhoea and irritation of the genito-urinary system
• Linseed oil has emollient, expectorant, diuretic, demulcent, and laxative properties
• It is used in preparation of greases, polishes, varnishes, paints, putty, oil cloths,
printing ink, tracing cloth, tanning leather etc.
Jegan

31. Jegan

32. RICE BRAN OIL
1. Synonym: Rice oil
2. Biological source: It is obtained from the rice bran of the seeds of Oryza
sativa belonging to family Graminae
3. Geographical source:
4. Preparation:
Jegan

33. Dehusking of paddy
to obtain rice bran
It is heated by steam
at temperature higher
than 100oC to stop
activity of lipase
It is then dried to
remove moisture
The rice bran is
impermeable to
solvents so it first
pressed in hydraulic
press
Oil is extracted with
solvent in special
continuous
immersion extractors
Distillation of oil is
done to obtain crude
rice bran oil
Jegan

34. 5. Chemical constituents:
• It contains both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid
 Unsaturated 80-85%
 Saturated 20-25%
• The chief fatty acids are
 Oleic acid (40-45%)
 Linoleic acid (30-40%)
 Palmitic acid (12-18%)
• It is rich in gamma-oryzanol and tocopherol
Jegan

35. 6. Use:
• Used as edible oil
• Used in manufacturing of cosmetics
• Used as emollient
• Used as antioxidants
• Used in face, hair or baby formulations
Jegan

36. SHARK LIVER OIL
1. Synonym: oleum selachoide
2. Biological source: Shark liver oil is the fixed oil obtained from the fresh and healthy
livers of shark fish Hypoprion brevirostris belonging to family Carcharhinidae
3. Geographical source: Shark is found in seacoast of many European countries and in
India in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Kerala
4. Preparation:
Jegan

37. Liver is removed from fish
It is then cleaned thoroughly, freed from fatty substances and attached
tissues like gallbladders
Liver is heated in water at about 80oC
The oil exudes, floats on the top and is separated
The dehydrated oil is cooled to -2 to -5oC to separate stearin
The suspended material is removed by centrifugation
The oil is supplemented with desired amount of Vitamin A and Vitamin D
Jegan

38. 5.Chemical Constituents:
• The active principle of shark liver oil is vitamin A which varies from 15,000 to
30,000 I.U. per gram of the oil
• It contains glycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Vitamin A
Jegan

39. 6. Use:
• Shark liver oil used to treat xerophthalmia (abnormal dryness os surface of
conjuctiva) occuring due to deficiency of vitamin A
• Oil is used as nutritive tonic
Jegan

40. BEESWAX
1. Synonym: White beeswax, yellow beeswax
2. Biological source: It is purified wax obtained from honeycomb of hive bee, : Apis
dorsata, Apis florea, Apis indica, Apis mellifera, belonging to family Apideae
3. Geographical source: it is available in abudance in Africa, India, Jamaica, Australia,
California
4. Preparation:
Jegan

41. After removal of honey,
honeycomb is melted in
boiling water
On cooling the melted
wax gets solidified and
floats on the surface of
water
The wax is collected
and melted again
Poured into earthen
vessels wiped with
damp cloth
The wax so obtained
after cooling is known
as yellow beeswax
White beeswax
obtained by chemically
treating yellow beeswax
Yellow beeswax is
treated with potassium
permanganate, chromic
acid or chlorine
White beeswax
obtained
Jegan

42. 5. Chemical Constituents:
Beeswax contains
• Myricin,
• Cerotic acid
• Melissic acid
• Ceryl alcohol
• Myricyl alcohol is formed on saponification of myricin
Jegan

43. 6. Uses:
• Lip Balm.
• Skin Moisturizer
• Candles
• Itch Relief
• Wood Lubricant
• Beeswax crayon
• Waterproof Shoes
and Boots
• Furniture polish
Jegan

44. CASTOR OIL
1. Synonym: Castor bean oil, ricinus oil, castor seed oil
2. Biological source: Castor oil is fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of
Ricinus communis belonging to family Euphorbiaceae
3. Geographical source: India, Brazil, America, China
4. Preparation:
Jegan

45. • q
Castor seeds are
obtained
Fed into grooved rollers
to crush the seeds so as
to remove the seed coat
Subjected to current of
air to blow off the
testas
Kernels are fed to
expellers at room
temperature and
pressure is applied to
obtain oil
The oil is filtered,
steamed at 80-90oC for
precipitation of
poisonous principle
ricin and enzyme lipase
Oil is filtered and used
for medical purpose
The cake which remains
contain ricin, lipase and
oil
The cake is grounded,
steamed to 40-80oC and
high pressure is applied
This yields the second
quality of oil which is
used for industrial
purpose
Jegan

46. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• Castor oil consist of glyceride of
 Ricinoleic acid
 Isoricinoleic acid
 Stearic acid
 Dihydroxy stearic acid
• Castor oil also contains vitamin F
• 90% of fatty acid content in castor oil is ricinoleic acid
Ricinoleic acid is responsible for laxative property
Jegan

47. 6. Use:
• Mild purgative
• Fungistatic
• Ointment base
• Plasticizer
• Ricinoleic acid is used in contraceptive creams and jellies
• Oil used in manufacturing of linoleum and alkyl resins
• Used in industrial production of coatings , textile industry, leather industry
Jegan

48. WOOL FAT
1. Synonym: Lanolin, Agnin, Alapurin
2. Biological source: lanolin is the fat-like purified secretion of the sebaceous glands
which is deposited into the wool fibres of sheep Ovis aries belonging to family
Bovidae
3. Preparation:
Jegan

49. Wool is cut and
washed with soap
or alkali
An emulsion of
wool fat called as
wool grease forms
in water
Raw lanolin is
separated by
cracking the
emulsion using
sulfuric acid
Wool grease floats on
the upper layer and
fatty acids are
dissolved in lower
layer
Lanolin is purified by
treating with sodium
peroxide and
bleaching with
reagents
Jegan

50. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• Lanolin is a complex mixture of esters and polyesters of 33 high molecular weight alcohols and 36
fatty acids
• It contains 3 types of fatty acids
 Aliphatic alcohols
 Steroid alcohols
 Triterpenoid alcohols
• It also contains 3 types of acids
 Hydroxylated acid
 Saturated nonhydroxylated acid
 Unsaturated nonhydroxylated acid
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51. • The chief constituents of lanolin are
 Cholesterol
 Isocholesterol
 Unsaturated monohydric alcohols of
 Lanoceric acid
 Lanopalmitic acid
 Carnaubic acid
Jegan

52. 6. Use:
• Used as emollient
• Water absorbable ointment base in
many skin cream and cosmetics
• Wool fat is readily absorbed through
skin and helps in increasing the
absorption of active ingredients
incorporated in the ointment
Jegan

53. Thank You
Jegan