supervision

2. Supervision

3. Table Contents
– Definition
– Introduction
– Types of Supervision
– Significance of Supervision
– Roles of Supervisor
– Changes in Supervisory Thought
– Conclusion
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4. Definition
Supervision is direction, guidance and control of
working force with a view to see that they are
working according to plan and are keeping time
schedule.
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5. Introduction
• Supervision is a Latin Word. Super means ‘from the
above’ and vision means ‘to see’. In ordinary sense
of the term, supervision means overseeing the
activities of others.
• In management supervision means “Overseeing
the subordinates at work with authority and with
an aim to guide the employees, if he is doing
wrong.”
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6. 6

7. The following definitions by various
scholars reflect the changing emphasis
or focus of supervision on the specific
dimensions across different periods of
time:
• Emphasis on Administration
Supervision is what school personnel
do with adults and things to maintain or
change the operation of the school in
order to directly influence the
attainment of major instruction goals
(Harris and Bessent, 1969, p.11)

8. • Emphasis on Curriculum
General supervision denotes activities
like the writing and revisions of
curriculums, the preparation of units and
materials of instruction, the
development of processes and
instruments for reporting to parents, and
such broad concerns as evaluation of the
total educational program ( Cogan, 1973,
p. 9).

9. • Emphasis on instruction
Supervision of instruction is
directed toward both maintaining
and improving the teaching-
learning process of the school
(Harris, 1975, p. 10)

10. Emphasis on Human Relations
Instructional supervisory behavior is
assumed to be an additional behavior
system formally provided by the
organization for the purpose of
interacting with the teaching behavior
system in such a way as to maintain,
change, and improve the provision and
actualization of learning opportunities
for the students (Wiles and Lovell,
1975,pp.6-8)

11. • Emphasis on Leadership
Supervision is teaching the
teachers how to teach and the
professional leadership how to
reformulate public education, more
specifically, its curriculum, its
teaching, and its forms ( Mosher and
Purpel, 1972, p. 4)

12. • Emphasis on Evaluation
Supervision are regularly involve
in evaluation through assessment of
programs, processes, and people
(Wiles and Bondi, p. 281)
In the 1950s this emphasis on
evaluation in the supervision of
Philippines education is described by
Freznoza ( 1957):

13. Modern supervision evaluates the
educational product in the light of the
accepted objectives of education. This involve
the cooperative determination and critical
analysis of the objectives of education; the
selection and application of instruments of
evaluation; and the analysis of the resulting
data to determine the strengths and
weaknesses of the educational product.

14. Types of Supervision
1. Autocratic or Authoritarian Supervision
2. Laissez – faire or Free – rein Supervision
3. Democratic Supervision.
4. Bureaucratic Supervision
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15. Significance of Supervision
Issue of Orders and Instructions:
• The workers require guidance of supervisor at
every step. He clears their doubts and tells
them the proper method of doing a job.
• A sub-ordinate can give better performance
when he knows the work he is supposed to
do.
●●●
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16. Significance of Supervision
Planning and Organizing the Work:
• A superior acts as a planner and a guide for his
sub-ordinates. A schedule of work is prepared
so as to ensure an even and steady flow of
work.
• The supervisor lays down production targets
for the workers and determines the methods
and procedures for doing the work.
●●●
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17. Significance of Supervision
It is Important at All Levels:
• Supervision means overseeing and watching
sub-ordinates.
• The time devoted by top management to
supervision is only 20% whereas supervisor (or
foreman or overseer or superintendent or
section officer) devotes about 80% of his time
to supervision.
●●●
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18. Significance of Supervision
Vital Link between Workers and Management:
• A supervisor is a representative of the management
and a very important figure from workers point of
view.
• He communicates the policies of the management
to workers (downward communication) and also
provides feed back to the management as to what
is happening at the lowest level (upward
communication).
●●●
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19. Significance of Supervision
Motivating Subordinates:
• A supervisor is a leader at the lowest rung of
management ladder. He serves as a friend,
philosopher and guide to workers.
• He inspires team work and secures maximum
co-operation from the employees. It is he who
can help in getting optimum utilization of
manpower.
●●●
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20. Significance of Supervision
Feedback to Workers:
• A supervisor compares the actual performance
of workers against the standards laid down and
identifies weaknesses of workers and suggests
corrective measures to overcome them.
• In this way, workers can improve their
performance in future.
●●●
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21. Significance of Supervision
Proper Assignment of Work:
• A supervisor makes systematic arrangement of
activities and resources for his group. He
assigns work to each worker and delegate’s
authority to workers.
• Workers feel frustrated when the work being
done by them is not properly arranged.
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23. Roles of Supervisor
As a Key Man in the Management:
• A supervisor is the key figure in the
organisation because he/she makes
decisions, controls work and interprets
policy of the management to the workers.
●●●
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24. Roles of Supervisor
Person in the Middle:
• According to this view, a supervisor has to
work between two forces, namely the
management and the workers.
• On the one hand, management has a lot of
technical and production-oriented
expectations from him/her, and, on the other
hand, the workers also have a lot of reward-
oriented expectations from him/her.
●●●
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25. Roles of Supervisor
Supervisor as the Marginal Man:
• According to this sociological concept,
supervisor is either left out of main
activities and influences affecting his/her
department or he/she is just on the
margin.
●●●
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26. Roles of Supervisor
Supervisor as a Human Relations Specialist:
• As per this view, a supervisor is considered
to be a human relations specialist looking
after the human side of operations.
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27. Changes in Supervisory Thought
1. The Scientific Management Perspective of Supervision.
From around 1900 to 1920s, supervision criteria were
based on the Scientific Management Movement, the
dominant philosophy that focused on accountability,
control, and efficacy.
The scientific Management Theory was based
largely on the Work of Frederick Taylor, a well known
American Engineer. Taylor encapsulated his theory in four
principles:

28. Four Principles:
a.Scientific job analysis
b. Selection of Personnel
c. Management Cooperation
d.Functional supervising

29. Major Assumptions of the Human Relations
Approach
1. Employees are motivated not only by economic
incentives, but also by social and psychological needs
such as recognition, belongingness and security which
are important in determining morale and productivity
than the physical conditions of the work environment.
2. As individual’s perceptions, beliefs, motivations,
cognition, responses to frustration, and values are
important determinants of behavior in the workplace.

30. 3. Informal social organizations within a formal
organization can promote or constrain the
effectiveness of supervision through the creation
and enforcement of their own norms and codes of
conduct.
4. Under a democratic and supportive management,
employees develop high morale and work harder
thereby increasing productivity.
5. Effective communication promotes healthy working
relationships between superior and subordinate in
the organization.

31. Research findings have shown that differential
performance across schools maybe attributed largely
to the interpersonal skills of the school heads.
Khetarpal and Srivastava (2000) contend that the
more interpersonally skillful and gifted the available
leadership in school is, the better performing the
institution becomes. This stems from the fact that
leadership based on interpersonal behavior inspires
cooperation and support, as well as organizational
loyalty from the members.

32. • To a great extent, the Human Relations Movement
finds a responsive chord in the Filipino psyche then
and now. Maintaining harmony between individuals
and among groups and social divisions is a powerful
construct in the dominant culture value of “smooth
interpersonal relationship” (SIR). Values permeate
and guide the daily lives and behaviors of Filipinos.
SIR is manifested by four important interlocking
Filipino values of pakikisama, amor propio, hiya, and
utang na loob.

33. • Pakikisama is not only a value, but also a skill and
a goal. It is the ability to maintain good feelings,
and to get along well with others at all costs –
from avoiding stressful confrontations, and using
metaphorical language, to repressing negative
feelings, and not being critical.

34. • The English translation of hiya is shame,
embarrassment, or losing face. It is a relational
concept that focuses on how one is perceived by
others. It is derived from amor propio which
means self – esteem or self – respect. When one
loses face, or is put to shame, one loses self –
esteem. Hiya is manifested by a feeling of
inferiority, shyness, and alienation.

35. • Utang na loob is related to reciprocity. It is a
conventional wisdom that a beneficiary of a
past favor, whether in terms of material
benefits, good deed, good will, good
behavior, or display of loyalty, becomes
indebted to the benefactor. In return, the
recipient of the favor is expected to
reciprocate as a sign of gratitude.

37. Conclusion
 Morrison (2003) proposes that the purpose of
supervision is to enhance the social worker's
professional skills, knowledge, and attitudes in
order to achieve competency in providing quality
care.
 It aids in professional growth and development
and improves outcomes.
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