The scope of this paper is the comparative evaluation of the efficacy of deacidification processes mainly in terms of the stability and mechanical permanence of paper during heat induced ageing. The key problem of the mass deacidification comparative evaluation studies performed up till now is large variability of approaches, criteria, methods and experimental conditions used, and lack of international standardisation. We have therefore transformed data from the most important available comparative studies worldwide to a comparable form through estimating sequences, and where possible efficacy factors, or life expectancy extension factors. This method enable a comparison of various aspects of quality and efficacy between two or more deacidification processes and methods of different authors.It enabled to identify the best available technologies (BAT) and formulating recommendations and outlook future research and sustainable development of deacidification. The mass deacidification is a basic technique used by memory institutions wishing to stabilize acid paper documents. It can be used as a dedicated, single purpose technique, however in order to minimise manipulating with the books and costs for repeated logistics, quality and safety controle, it could be a part of an integrated conservation and digitising centre (CDC/ ICDC) or a multifunctional conservation centre (CC).

1. Katuščák S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Deacidification Processes. In: Die massenentsäuerung auf dem prüfstand. Ergebnisse
des projekts "Nachhaltigkeit der massenentsäuerung von bibliotheksgut“, 26. october 2010, German National Library, Frankfurt
1
Comparative Evaluation
of Deacidification Processes
Svetozár Katuščák
Michal Jablonský1
, Katarina Vizárová1
, Milena Rehakova1
,
Silvia Holúbková1
, Jozef Hanus2
, Martina Bajzíková3
,
Jozef Rychly4
and Štefan Vodný5
1 – Slovak University of Technology
2 – Slovak National Archives
3 – Slovak National Library
4 – Slovak Academy of Sciences
5 – Bel Novamann International/EUROFINS

2. 2
Content
• A frame of this presentation of the comparative
evaluation.
• What is out of the frame. Where to find additional
information, that could be important but out of the
scope of this presentation.
• Results of the SK & more objective studies.
• Summarising & sequences of processes efficacy
from evaluating studies worldwide.

3. 3
Introduction. Scope of the presentation
The paper degradation process of paper is complex multistimular proces,
where the main stimulae are mechanical stress/damage,prehistory of folding,
abrassion, effect of mechanical impurities, etc. (M), heat (H), light (L), and
oxygene /oxidation (O), and biological (B) stimulae.
The scope of this presentation is
a comparative evaluation of heat-induced accelerated ageing of test paper and
books, deacidified by most important mass deacidification processes in the
conservation industry, as performed by national project of the Slovak republic
Kniha SK
•summarising similar objective measurement studies worldwide.
•Because of the time limit for the presentation – the processes are evaluated
here only according to the heat induced ageing and stability; I will get you
acquanted with sequences of the processes according to the results of testing of
mechanical permanence, compared with solution properties,
chemiluminiscence, risk factors and reactive products analysis.

4. 4
Out of the scope of this
presentation
Out of the scope of this presentation have to stay the following
phenomena of multicriterial efficacy evaluation:
• The effect of mechanical stress prehistory of paper (Brazinova
2004) on paper and paper conservation efficacy is not known; In the
comparative studies in SR, EU, Switzerland and USA we all are
dealing with the mechanically perfect test paper only. ; we do not
know any objective comparative evaluation study evaluating efficacy
of exibitions, logistic processes on the mechanically prestressed test
paper, or critical parts of documents, usually determining the lifetime
of the documents in praxis.
• Using the old preaged test paper (Rychly et al. 2006) and more
(Matisova-Rychla et al. 2007; Bukovsky et al. 2007; Bukovsky and
Trnkova 2003a,b) is out of the scope of this evaluation and
presentation. The testing and comparative evaluation were
performed in the collaborative testing of universities, academy,
national archives and library in the Slovak Republic, and testing
laboratory Bel Novamann International /Eurofins.
Bražinová, V. Štúdium možností zvyšovania stálosti tlačovín v procese ich starnutia. Bachelor Thesis, Slovak
University of Technology, Bratislava, 2004.

5. 5
Introduction
• the light induced aging, the role of organic
and inorganic photo-sensibilisators, and
compound with high specific area
(Bukovsky et al. 2006a,b; Katuscak 2000)
Matisová-Rychlá, L., Bukovský, V., Rychlý, J., Pleteníková M. Chemiluminescence - a Novel Method in the Research of
Degradation of Paper. I. The Effect of Light on Stacked Sheets of Paper, Macromol. Symp. 247, 2007, p. 340-349.
Bukovský, V., Trnková, M., Nemeček, P., Oravec, P. Light-induced oxidation of newsprint sheets in a paper block. Part 1:
Color changes in paper. Restaurator, vol. 27, no. 2, 2006a, p. 114-130.
Bukovský, V., Trnková, M., Jakubíková, Z. Light-induced oxidation of newsprint sheets in a paper block. Part.2: Extent of
degradation changes. Restaurator, vol. 27, no.3, 2006b, p. 200-217.
Rychlý, J., Matisová-Rychlá, L., Bukovský, V., Pleteníková, M., Vrška, M. The progress of ageing of lignin-containing
paper induced by light and its relation to chemiluminescence temperature runs. Makromolecular Chemistry, Polymer
Symposia, 231, 2006, p. 178-192.
Bukovský,V., Trnková, M. The influence of secondary chromophores on the light induced oxidation of paper. Part I: The
influence of light on cellulose and secondary chromophores. Restaurator, 24, no. 1, 2003a, p.18-35.
Bukovský, V., Trnková, M. The influence of secondary chromophores on the light induced oxidation of paper. Part II: The
influence of light on groundwood paper. Restaurator, vol. 24, no. 2, 2003b, p.118-132.
Katuščák S.: Photo-induced Modification of the Optical Properties of Lignocellulose Materials. Effect of Substrate Surface
on the Photoyellowing of Surface-Coated Lignin Model Compounds. Wood Research vol. 45, no. 2, 2000, p. 1 – 14.

6. 6
Introduction
• There exist different attitudes to comparative objective measurement of
deacidification processes efficacy allowing for an objective comparison
and sequences of the processes, all having their limitations, e.g.: Lienardy
1994; Buchanan et al. 1994; Durovic 2000; Banik 2004; Banik at el. 2006;
Hanus et al. 2006, 2008; Ramin et al. 2009).
• The parameters presented in this presentation are namely pH, alkaline
reserve, mechanical, solution, and chemical properties and corresponding
relative stability or efficacy factors.
Lienardy, A. Evaluation of seven mass deacidification treatments. Restaurator vol. 15, no. 1, 1994, p.1-25.
Buchanan S, Bennet W, Domach M. An evaluation of the Bookkeeper mass deacidification process, Library of Congress,
Pittsburgh, USA, 1994.
Ďurovič, M Zaverečná správa grantového úkolu „Hromadné odkyslovanií papírových archiválií“. Praha, 2000.
Banik, G, Evaluation of the efficacy of CSC- Booksaver® Process for the deacidification for archives and library materials,
based on test treatments at the Preservation Academy Leipzig (PAL), 2004. http://www.cscbooksaver.com/files/banik.pdf
Banik, G., Doering, T., Hähner, U. Current efforts to establish an effective quality management for mass deacidification.
Conference SAVE PAPER, 2006, p.94-109.
Hanus, J., Bakoš, D., Vrška, M., Jablonský, M., Katuščák, S., Holubková, S., Bajzíková, M., Bukovský, V., Rychlý, J. The
Kniha Project in Slovakia. Durability of Paper and Writing, 2nd International Symposium and Workshops. National and
University Library of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, July 7-10, 2008, p.
17-19.
Hanus, J., Bakoš, D., Vrška, M., Jablonský, M., Katuščák, S., Holubková, S., Bajzíková, M., Bukovský, V., Rychlý, J.: The
Kniha Project in Slovakia. Durability of Paper and Writing, 2nd Int. Symp. and Workshops. National and University Library
of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, July 7-10, 2008, p. 17-19.
Ramin M, Andres H., Bluher, A., Reist, M., Wälchli M. Paper De-acidification A Comparative study. J. Paper Conservation
vol. 10, no. 3, 2009, p. 17-25.

7. 7
The scope of the evaluation.
1. Mechanically perfect test paper used, but ...
• out of the scope of all deacidification
efficacy testing studies summarised
here are critical parts of paper and
documents.
We know that e.g. folded parts of
newspaper or any other defective/
pre-exposed parts of paper could be
critical for the lifetime of the
document, time of achieving zero
strength. The effect of the mass
deacidification processes on the life
expectancy extension of such critical
places in paper has not been studied
and evaluated sufficiently.

8. 8
The scope of the evaluation.
2. No light-induced ageing and stability considered.
• The scope of this presentation is
heat induced ageing and stability,
taking in mind the multistimular
complexity of the degradation in
practice. The other stimuli and
dimensions of evaluation are a
subject of some specialised testing
or projects.
• Wood (polyphenolic substances)
containing test paper was selected
as a characteristic, most sensitive
paper in collections from last
centuries. As an example of
potential effect of sensitizing model
phenolic compounds in wood
containing paper are shown on the
following graphs:
Photoreversion of apocynol (I), α-
methylveratryl alcohol (II) and
acetoquaiacone (III) on Whatman No.1
filter paper.
Temperature of sample surface 37°C; Conc.
of model on filter paper 7%
Katuščák S. Photo-induced Modification of the Optical Properties of Lignocellulose Materials. Effect of Substrate Surface on the
Photoyellowing of Surface-Coated Lignin Model Compounds. Wood Research vol. 45, no. 2, 2000, p. 1 – 14.

9. 9
Photo-induced ageing and photosensitising
Monostimular testing vs. multistimular complexity of degradation in praxis.
But interactions and synergism could hardly be predicted because of
complexity of real paper.
• Few examples: Cellulose do not
absorb UV, so it should be lightfast.
Why it is not?
• As it can be seen, even stable
practically pure cellulose whatman
paper can be sensitized and
deteriorated by UV sufficiently by
meny sensitisers.
• The substances used for the
conservation should be considered
as potential chemical impurities in
terms of photoinduced ageing
stability, and complex permanence
of the paper documents in real use
of the documents, and real
conditions in deposits.
Photoreversion of apocynol (I),
acetoveratrone (IV), and their 1:1 mixture
on Whatman No. 1 filter paper.
Temperature of sample surface 37°C; Conc. of
model on filter paper 7%; Conc. of each model
in 1:1 mixture, 3.5%.
Katuščák S. Photo-induced Modification of the Optical Properties of Lignocellulose Materials. Effect of Substrate Surface on
the Photoyellowing of Surface-Coated Lignin Model Compounds. Wood Research vol. 45, no. 2, 2000, p. 1 – 14.

10. 10
The scope of the evaluation.
Out of the scope is: The potencial effect of inorganic particles and
high specific area substances, like SiO2, TiO2, ... on the light induced
ageing and stability
• The effect of the high specific area
matters are highly sensitizing
compounds, silicon dioxide (SiO2.xH2O),
is shown on the graph. The
photoreversion of the other cellulose
senzitizers was increased by 40 times.
The light-absorbing, e.g. phenolic
compounds, underwent extended
photoreversion on cellulose and much
more more in presence or when
deposited on silica gel.
• Any paper can contain substances
from production or conservation
processes, process and non-process
elements. The selection as well as
testing of components should be
complex and careful, because of their
potential sensitising effect on particular
way of degradation, e.g. photoinduced
degradation.
Comparison of the photosensiting
effect of acetoveratrone (IV) on
apocynol (I) when deposited on filter
paper and silica gel.

11. 11
Old/preaged test paper vs. new test paper
• It is recomended to test any new process of deacidifying, strengthening,
antioxidising or sterilizing substances and technology processes using both
types of test paper, new and the old/ preaged paper as well.
• The most important differences between old and new test paper, and/or the
big changes achieved by controlled preaging are as follows:
(1) controlled decreasing of degree of polymerisation (↓ DP),
(2) changes in polydispersity /polydispersity parameters, R(Mw/Mn,..)
(3) decreasing mechanical properties, such as folding endurance (↓ω ), and
breaking length (↓ lt),
(4) increasing carbonyl content ↑C=O, carboxylic acids (RCOOH), and
aldehyde (RCOH) contents, and more, depending on the pre-conditioning,
atmosphere and conditions used in the reactor.
• (5) old brittle paper seems to be much more sesnsitive to alkaline reserve
value, Ar (%CaCO3) than the new one1
.
1-Liers J.: Mass deacidification. The efficacy of papersave process. 2001.

12. 12
Old or preaged test paper and test books
• The conservation processes are
used, and should be therefore
developed and tested maily for old
paper.
• At the first stage of the testing and
evaluation, both new and „old“
preaged test papers were used.
• We have estimated that in this case
no significant differences had
been found for the processes
tested between the preaged, but
since not brittle paper and new
acidic test papers. Inspite of this
fact very significant differences can
be found in some cases e.g. of
testing new substances and
processes, between results with the
new and old preaged paper (Vrska et
al. 2005; Kirschnerova et al. 2007) .
The pH distribution in individual 10 mm
thick layers of the test paper from the
pretreatment and the reactor
Reactor used for the preaged test
paper production
Vrška, M, Tiňo, R. Shahani Chandru, Katuščák, S. Controlled process of the production of model aged test paper in the sealed reactor. Chem.listy vol. S,
no. 99, 2005, p.409-410.
Kirschnerová, S., Vrška, M., Vizárová, K., Katuščák, S. Artificial ageing of wood containing paper in the stack. Papír a celulóza, vol. 62, no.1, 2007, p.7-10.

13. 13
Specifications of the quality control applied in
Library of Congress (LoC) 1994
1. Efficacy. Mechanical permanence folding endurance index
related to unmodified control.
2. Completeness of deacidification. pH 2D-distribution (RFP90 -21
Requirement – C.2.1.7)
3. Alkaline reserve. (RFP90 -21 Requirement – C.2.1.8)
4. No damage to processed materials and media. (RFP90 -21
Requirement – C.2.1.10, C.2.1.11, C.2.7.12)
5. Potential to treat books on a mass scale. (RFP90 -21
Requirement – C.3)
Buchanan, S, Bennet, W, Domach, M. An evaluation of the Bookkeeper mass deacidification process, Library of Congress,
Pittsburgh, USA, 1994, p. 4-7.
Anonym. Library of Congress Technical Specifications for mass deacidification. Preservation Directorate, Library of
Congress Washington, DC, 2004.

14. 14
ID Evaluation criteria
Recommended requirements for selection procedure of best
available technologies (BAT) applicable in SR
K
Sustainability of
development in
Slovakia
(1) Supplier must document sustainability of development in Slovakia.
(2) Fundamental condition of sustainability in SR is research and
development carried out in SR. Foreign supplier is thus required to provide
evidence of its interest in R&D cooperation with STU and SNL at continual
improvement (continuerliche Verbesserung) and to document
sustainability of competitiveness and BAT position in SR.
(3) Provide supporting data: duration of research in SR or cooperation in
development of deacidification, supporting or directly related conservation
technologies, interest in technical joint actions. Illustrate potential growth
of employment of university educated employees in corresponding
research, development and education in SR. Provide evidence on BAT,
age of technology and equipment.
K
Permanence.
Permanence factor.
Factor of mechanical permanence S should be at least 3.
K
Damage or
destruction of
books. Extent of
deterioration.
Supplier is required to document percentage and extent of deterioration in
existing operation. Proposal of quaranteed max. deterioration. Proposal of
quality control system.
Specifications of a complex evaluation of
deacidification processes of Consortium Kniha SK.
Prerequisite criteria

15. 15
ID Evaluation criteria
Recommended requirements for selection procedure of best
available technologies (BAT) applicable in SR
K4
pH and alkaline
reserve
pH exceeding 7. Within standard accelerated ageing pH shall not
decrease under 6,5. Provide supporting information, duration (in days) and
conditions of applied accelerated ageing. Demonstrate deacidification
homogeneity.
K5 Risks
Certify safety in the following areas: (K5.1) Toxicity, sanitary and senzoric
properties; (K5.2) Environmental impact; (K5.3) Fire hazard, safety and
health protection at work in deacidification facilities, libraries and archives.
K6 Economy
Min. price at max. quality K. The ratio of costs to guarenteed quality is
evaluated. Sustainable development of quality and risk management
system efficacy.
K7
Supplementary
criteria and
methods
Supplier may introduce supplementary information supporting quality of its
technology, quality and efficacy of supporting sustainable cultural heritage
protection, competitivenes of the memory institution.
Specifications of testing and evaluation of
deacidification processes. Prerequisite criteria

16. 16
• Practically all archive documents from the 19th century are acidic
and should be protected using conservation processes including
mass deacidification.
• Survey of 1400 books, analysis of the particular decades from the
period 1900-2000 was performed
• 7 parameters were followed (1st level):
– Acidity (pH – indicator, surface electrode),
– Strength (puncture depth – centre & edge of page),
– Thickness of the sheet,
– Sizing degree,
– Lignin content,
– Yellowing, and
– Alum content - Al2(SO4)2
Collection survey at the archives and the Slovak
National Library and creation of database –
example (V. Bukovský et al.: SNK Martin)
Maršala, M., Švehlová, D., Bukovský, V., Kuka, I.: Najdôležitejšie parametre hodnotenia stálosti papierových
dokumentov. Knižnica, 2009, roč. 10, č. 10, s.35-38.
Bajzíková, M., Hanus, J., Bukovský, V.: Characterisation of the Slovak national library collections. In Strlič. M., Kolar, J.:
Durability of paper and writing. 2nd Inte. Symp. and workshops. Ljubljana, 2008, p. 51-52
Bukovský, M., Cedzová , M., Trnková, M., Kuka, I.: A Survey of Library Collections: PAPER STRENGTH AND ACIDITY,
Saving the Past for the future Varšava, 2007.

17. 17
Classification of books
based on
• acidity measurements,
• mechanical properties
• lignin content
enabled their categorization into four groups
M. Reháková et all: Preselection of historical books in the
process of their stabilization. Durability of paper and Writing,
Ljubljana 2004.

18. 18
Experimental
Materials
Wood-containing acidic test paper using alum rosin sizing,
grammage 45 g/m2
, cold extract pH: 4.5 – 5.0, surface pH = 5.6 ± 0.3,
containing mechanically bleached, groundwood (55%), bleached
sulphite pulp (20%), catch trash fibres (15%) and clay (10%) was used
in all experiments. Testing books with 150 sheets of paper in size A5
format were used.
Deacidification
The following deacidification processes: Booksaver, IPC (Institut
Politecnic del Campus de Terrassa); Booksaver, PAL; Bückeburg,
Neschen; Papersave Swiss, NCW; Papersave, BI; SoBu, Fürth;
Papersave, ZFB were applied in the treatment.

19. 19
Experimental
Accelerated ageing
Samples of paper were conditioned according to TAPPI T402 om - 93
at 23 ± 1 °C, and at relative humidity of air RH = 50 ± 2%, until achieving
the homogeneous humidity of test books and test paper, prior the
artificial ageing. The samples from all tested deacidification processes
were subsequently aged according to ISO/DIS 5630-5, at 96 ± 1 °C and
50% RH, corresponding to paper humidity 4- 5 %. The standard test
method for accelerated ageing of printing and writing paper in which the
sealed ageing tubes were replaced by a composite bags made of
polyethylene/ aluminium/ polypropylene (TENOFAN Al / 116S). 75
sheets of paper (A5 format) were encapsulated inside
a PET / Al / PE bag. A preliminary comparison of kinetics and efficacy
parameters have shown that the ageing of test paper in stacks at 96°C
in closed bags was 3 times faster than the ageing the loose sheets of
paper at 80°C.
TAPPI T402 om - 93: Standard conditioning and testing atmospheres for paper, board, pulp handsheets, and related products.
ISO/DIS 5630-5: Paper and board – Accelerated ageing – Part 5: Exposure to elevated temperature at 100 °C.

20. 20
Experimental
Mechanical and solution properties
• Surface pH was measured according to TAPPI T 529 om-88, using
a flat combined glass electrode.
• Alkaline reserve was measured according to STN ISO 10716
(500441).
• Folding endurance was determined using a MIT apparatus
according to TAPPI T511 om – 96 with a tension of 0.3 kg.
Efficacy of treatment
• The life expectancy has been determined by linear regression of
logarithm of the folding endurance. The efficacy has been
expressed as factor of relative increase of the life expectancy,
measured for each characteristic property, e.g. folding endurance
(St ω) has been calculated as follows:
n
m
t
t
S
,0log
,0log
=
=
=
ω
ω
ωτ
TAPPI 529 om – 88: Surface pH measurement of paper.
STN ISO 10716 (500441): Paper and board. Determination of alkali reserve.
TAPPI T511 om - 96: Folding endurance of paper (MIT tester).

21. 21
0 = - 0,0182.tlogω=0, m + 3,2758 → tlogω=0,m = -3,2758/-0,0182 = 180 days (papersave swiss process)
0 = - 0,1436 .tlogω=0, n + 3,2702 → tlogω=0,m = -3,2702/-0,1436 = 22,8 days (Control)
9,7
8,22
180
,0log
mod,0log
===
=
=
control
ified
t
t
S
ω
ω
ωτ

22. 22
0 = - 0,0221.tlogω=0, m + 3,3189 → tlogω=0,m = -3,3189/-0,0221 = 149,9 days (papersave Battele)
0 = - 0,1436 .tlogω=0, n + 3,2702 → tlogω=0,n = -3,2702/-0,1436 = 22,8 days (Control)
6,6
8,22
9,149
,0log
mod,0log
===
=
=
control
ified
t
t
S
ω
ω
ωτ

23. 23
0 = - 0,00551.tlogω=0, m + 3,2007 → tlog ω=0,m = -3,2007/-0,00551 = 58,1 days (Booksaver process, IPC)
0 = - 0,1436 .tlogω=0, n + 3,2702 → tlogω=0,m = -3,2702/-0,1436 = 22,8 days (Control)
6,2
8,22
1,58
,0log
mod,0log
===
=
=
control
ified
t
t
S
ω
ω
ωτ

24. 24
+ good; = average; — poor; R rejected; x untested.
The sequence of the processes was estimated as an overall evaluation, without
weighing the meaning of partial visual observations and tests of rag, chemical
and wood paper parameters.
Process
Sequence
1- the best
DEZ 1
Bookkeeper 2
Wei to 3
Sablé 4
FMC 5
Vienna 6
BPA 7
Lienardy 1994. One of the first comparative studies
of older processes, semiquantitative. Some of the processes,
such as DEZ or Vienna, are not existing any more.
Buchanan S, Bennet W, Domach M. An evaluation of the Bookkeeper mass deacidification process, Library of Congress,
Pittsburgh, USA, 1994.

25. 25
Buchanan et al. 1994. An evaluation of one process
(Bookkeeper) on 4 grades of test papers
MD, 90°C 50%RH, up to 30days A B tlogω=0
Sτ logω=0
Alum rosin sized paper - control 1,9564 -0,0565 34,63 1,0
Alkaline sized paper - control 1,556 -0,01 155,6 1,0
Clear spring offset paper – control 2,0028 -0,0652 30,72 1,0
Newsprint paper - control 1,96 -0,0526 37,26 1,0
Alum rosin sized paper - treated 1,8957 -0,0247 76,75 2,2
Alkaline sized paper - treated 1,5419 -0,0078 197,68 1,3
Clear spring offset paper – treated 2,0461 -0,0261 78,40 2,6
Newsprint paper - treated 1,9322 -0,0254 76,07 2,0
Buchanan S, Bennet W, Domach M. (1994) An evaluation of the Bookkeeper mass deacidification process, Library
of Congress, Pittsburgh, USA, p. 4, summary report, TABLE I.
S(LoC) – efficacy factor of Library of Congress is consistent with
our factor of mechanical permanence Sτ logω=0

26. 26
Grachová 2005: An evaluation of Bookkeeper spray
Sample A B tlogω=0
Sτ logω=0
Control (80°C, 65%RH, up to 12 days) 2,3397 -0,0617 37,92 1,0
Bookkeeper (80°C, 65%RH, up to 12 days) 2,3813 -0,058 41,06 1,1
Control (MD, 105°C, up to 36 days) 2,1872 -0,0538 40,65 1,0
Bookkeeper (MD, 105°C, up to 36 days) 2,091 -0,0574 36,43 0,9
Grachová, L. Porovnanie a optimalizácia vybraných metód ochrany kníh a dokumentov, Diploma Thesis, Slovak University
of Technology, Bratislava, 2005.
The use of Bookkeeper spray suspension for impregnating the wood-
containing test paper was not effective in increasing paper
permanence
Inspite both the pH and Ar (%CaCO3) were good.

27. 27
Banik 2004: Comparison of the risk indicators
for three mass deacidification processes.
To establish the risk indicator, 37 books were evaluated. The data
reflect.
• Risk indices are
calculated from three
data:
• Frequency (F) of
damage, calculated by the
percentage of all recorded
alterations of the same
type divided by ten.
• Intensity or degree (D) of
the recorded alterations
expressed in three levels:
– Slight (1); Noticeable
(2); Significantly
noticeable (3).
Banik, G, Evaluation of the efficacy of CSC- Booksaver® Process for the deacidification for archives and library materials,
based on test treatments at the Preservation Academy Leipzig (PAL), 2004. http://www.cscbooksaver.com/files/banik.pdf

28. 28
Banik 2004. Comparison and the sequence
of the 3 deacidification processes.
The higher the number, the greater the risk posed to a collection by a certain
treatment. The lowest possible value is zero, the highest possible value is 2’250.
Banik, G, Evaluation of the efficacy of CSC- Booksaver® Process for the deacidification for archives and library materials,
based on test treatments at the Preservation Academy Leipzig (PAL).2004. http://www.cscbooksaver.com/files/banik.pdf
0
10
20
30
40
50
Papersave Swiss (NCW)
CSC Booksaver®
Papersave® ZFB
TotalRiskIndicator
The Appraisal value (value number, V) in the context of the particular collection: a number
that expresses the significance of the damage in the context of the collection. The
multiplication of the three data produces the risk indices (risk numbers RN) for one damage
category : (RN = F x D x V). When all the risk numbers are added, the total risk index (RI)
can be determined according to: ΣRN = RI

29. 29
Comparative evaluation of mass deacidification processes efficacy according to the Library of Congress, Washington (LoC),
Consortium and Testing Lab KnihaSK
, Bel Novamann International, Bratislava. The sequence of the deacidification processes
according to KnihaSK Consortium evaluation of mechanical permanence factors efficacy
Sτ, ω - coefficient of ageing time change; the index Sτ, ω is related to a non-modified, non-deacidified control sample having Sτ, ω = 1.
Processes evaluated in the Consortium KnihaSK
Testing Lab, the test books of A5 format (wood-containing paper, 55% of
mechanical bleached groundwood, 20% of bleached kraft pulp, 15% scrap fibres and 10% clay, surface pH = 5.6), ageing
conditions: accelerated ageing in closed bags from composite foil (PET-Al-PE), 96±1°C, 15 days
Ditto, the test sheets of A5 format, accelerated ageing, 105°C.
Process evaluated in the Consortium KnihaSK
Testing Lab, the test sheets of A5 format (wood-containing paper, 55% of mechanical
bleached groundwood, 20% of bleached kraft pulp, 15% scrap fibres and 10% clay, surface pH = 5.6), ageing conditions:
accelerated ageing in closed bags (PET-Al-PE), 96±1°C, 15 days.
Process evaluated at the IPST, Atlanta and at the LoC, various kinds of test sheets (pH = 5.7 – 9.42), accelerated ageing at 90°C
and relative humidity 50% during 30 days.
Hanus 20061
-20082
. Comparative evaluation
of mass deacidification processes efficacy according to the LoC and the
Consorcium Kniha SK specifications
Hanus, J., Bakoš, D., Vrška, M., Jablonský, M., Katuščák, S., Holubková, S., Bajzíková, M., Bukovský, V., Rychlý, J. The Kniha Project in Slovakia. Durability of Paper and Writing, 2nd
International Symposium and Workshops. National and University Library of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, July 7-10, 2008, p. 17-19.
Anonym. Validácia, kritické hodnotenie a porovnanie nezávislých hodnotení v USA, Švajčiarsku, Nemecku a v Slovenskej republike 2008.
http://www.knihask.eu/novinky_2009/Vyber_BAT_validacia.pdf

30. 30
Solution properties. Gel permeation chromatography
Figure 1: Molecular weight distributions of
the tricarbanilates of the accelerated aged
newsprint paper at 0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 60
days.
Figure 2: Correlation between each pair
of variables. These regression
coefficients (R2) measure the strength of
the linear relationship between the
variables: τ = time of accelerated
ageing.
Kačík, F., Kačíková, D., Jablonský, M., Katuščák, S. Cellulose Degradation in the Process of Newsprint Paper Ageing.
Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 94, no. 9, 2009 1509-1514.
Kačík, F., Kučerová, V., Výbohová, E., Kirschnerová, S. Hodnotenie starnutia papiera metódou gélovej permeačnej
chromatografie. In: Acta Facultatis Xylologiae, XLIX, no. 1, 2007, p.27-34.

31. 31
Deacidification processes efficacy sequences
according to 3 independent methods: mechanical
permanence (MIT-folding endurance), solution
properties/GPC and CL
Sτ ω Sequence Sτ DP Sequence S kCL Sequence
Papersave swiss, NCW 7,9 1 13,1 1 1,51 1
Papersave, BI 6,6 2 3,00 3 1,35 2-3
SoBu 4,7 3 4,60 2 1,35 2-3
Papersave, ZFB 4,6 4 2,20 5 1,02 5
Booksaver, IPC 2,6 5 2,40 4 1,47 4
Booksaver, PAL 1,3 6 1,10 6 0,95 7
Control 1 7 1 7 1 6
1 - Sτ ω – MIT-folding endurance factor / life expectancy extension
factor ; 2 – Sτ DP factor of increasing of effective lifetime (life
expectancy extension) according to the solution properties (DP);
3 – S kCL chemiluminiscence factor of increasing paper stability

32. 32
Comparison of independent studies
testing the mechanical permanence factors efficacy, from the testing laboratories and projects in
USA (LoC-efficacy)1
, SNL (ULE factor)2
and the Consortium of national archives, libraries,
universities, academy of sciences and acredited lab BN/EUROFINS SR3
– KnihaSK
(Sτ ω)
The Testing laboratory on the X – axis, is shown in brackets: [SNL] – Swiss National Library 2
; [KnihaSK] - Consortium of
national archives, libraries and universities of technology SR 3
; [IPST] – Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Atlanta 1
1 Buchanan, S, Bennet, W, Domach, M. An evaluation of the Bookkeeper mass deacidification process, Library of Congress, Pittsburgh, USA, 1994.
2 Ramin M, Andres H., Bluher, A., Reist, M., Wälchli M. Paper De-acidification A Comparative study. J. Paper Conservation vol. 10, no. 3, 2009, p. 17-25.
3 Hanus, J., Bakoš, D., Vrška, M., Jablonský, M., Katuščák, S., Holubková, S., Bajzíková, M., Bukovský, V., Rychlý, J. The Kniha Project in Slovakia. Durability of Paper
and Writing, 2nd Inter. Symp. and Workshops. Ljubljana, Slovenia, July 7-10, 2008, p. 17-19.
STS – the coefficient of relative increase of the lifetime for tensile strength
SBF - the coefficient of relative increase of the lifetime for tensile strength
after Bansa-Hofer folding
Sτ ω - the coefficient of relative increase of the lifetime for folding endurance
Deacidification of archival documents
Deacidification of books and closed archival boxes

33. 33
Summary of more independent evaluation studies
including both mechanical permanence factors and chemical testing/stability
factors. The sequence of the processes according to independent laboratories in
Germany (DEG project Banik), Switzerland (SNL), USA (IPST) and Slovakia
(Consortium KnihaSK). Each result is related to the best value achieved by each
testing team, according to its independent attitudes and criteria (100%).
Y1 – factor of mechanical permanence for tensile strength
Y2 - factor of mechanical permanence for tensile strength after Bansa-Hofer
folding
Y3 - factor of mechanical permanence for folding endurance
Y4 – emission of furaldehyde, threshold growth of signal
Y5 – emission of acetic acid a – Swiss National Library (SNL)
b – Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft project (DEG)
c – KnihaSK
d – Institute of PAper Science and Technology,
Atlanta

34. 34
Conslusions
1. The independent measurement and comparative evaluation studies
of mass deacidification processes efficacy performed by labs in the
USA and EU have been compared and summarised.
2. The efficacy has been evaluated according to the mechanical
permanence, solution properties, reaction produts,
chemiluminiscence as well as risk factors. Inspite of the various
attitudes and dimmensions measured, the results of the
independent studies match quite well, mainly in substantial
conclusions:
3. All most important deacidification processes have been efficient in
achieving pH value above 7, and deposited necessary alkaline
reserve. The pH and the alkaline reserve neither quarantee the long
term mechanical permanence, nor the efficacy of the deacidification
process (see results with the efficacy factor S<1), and some could
even damage the documents of cultural heritage if used.

35. 35
Conslusions (cont.)
4. The sequence of the processes ranges from the best available
technolgy most effective for books papersave swiss, through
papersave, CSC and SoBu to less effective Bookkeeper process.
5. The measurement of kinetics of the mechanical, solution and
chemical properties has shown that the processes providing good
diffusion 3D distribution of the alkaline reserve, are generally more
efficient.
6. More conlusions for Slovakia.EU: the following BATs are
recommended for conservation of varios types of acid paper
documents: the most effective papersave swiss/ papersave for
books, aqueous Bueckeburg/Neschen for sheets of paper, the
lowest cost and highest eco-quality SoBu, integrated with the swiss
Quality and documents safety controle management (BAT/QSC)
and NDE-Survenir. If a special, e.g. mobile equipment is required,
also other processes fullfilling basic LoC/Kniha SK requirement, in
case they provide proofs of efficacy for considered types of
documents.