Microeconomics of Competitiveness - Andalucia
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This document provides an overview of Andalucía, the autonomous community located in southern Spain. It notes that Andalucía has the second largest population in Spain at 8.4 million people and that 25% of Andalucians have a tertiary education, slightly less than the national average. The document also discusses Andalucía's history under Moorish rule, geographic location with coastlines on the Atlantic and Mediterranean, its eight provinces with Málaga receiving the most tourists, and cultural influences from its Islamic past visible in sites like the Alhambra.
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- 2. Demographics of Spain versus its neighbours Social indicators Spain Portugal France Population 2010 (millions) Expected population 2030 (millions) 45.3 49.8 10.7 10.6 62.6 66.5 Andalucía specifics Life expectancy Fertility rate 81.3 1.6 79.1 1.4 81.6 1.9 • The 2nd largest GNI per capita 29,661 22,105 34,341 population of Spain FDI inflows % of GNI in 2008 GDP (PPP $ in billions) in 2007 29.4 1,442.90 21.7 21.9 247 2,121.70 lives in Andalucía (8.4 Human Development Index 0.863 0.795 0.872 million) Human Development Index Rank 20 40 14 Expected years of Schooling Public education spending (% of GDP) 16.4 6.1 15.5 7.1 16.1 8.7 Education Literacy rate Happiness Index / Life Satisfaction 97.6 7.6 94.6 5.8 100 7.1 • 25% of the population Unemployment, seasonally adjusted, Feb 2012 23.6 15 10 has completed a Public health expidenture (per capita) Inequality gini coefficient 2,671 34.7 2,284 38.5 3,709 33.7 tertiary education. Perception of safety 58 62 59 Slightly less than the Spanish population on average 29.9%.
- 3. FDI in Spain • The amount of FDI in Spain increased only slightly from FDI per capita 1970-1980 (after Franco) • After 1986 the real increase of FDI began • The reasons were possibly: - political stability after Franco - inclusion of Spain to the EU • In 2006, FDI per capita was $700, one year later, in 2007 FDI had more than doubled to $1,441 per capita and in 2009 FDI nearly came to a halt. • In 2009 the FDI per capita in Spain was down to $200 per capita. Such low levels hadn’t been seen since 1988-1989.
- 4. (Un)Employment in Spain • Spain had an unemployment rate of 23.6% in February 2012, compared to 10% of its neighbour France and 15%Agriculture, hun Employment by sector, 2005, Spain Agriculture, Forestry, % GDP per industry, Spain 2010 ting and for Portugal and Fishing forestry, fishing 5.2% • Employment in the tourism 3% Mining and sectors (hotels, restaurants Quarrying 0.3% and retail) makes up for more than 25% of GDP, but Other service Industry, includi doesn’t employ as large of a activities ng energy Government Services population23% 16% 17.5% Manufacturing 16.2% • Adding up part of the “other Community, Social Construction Public Utilities service activities” industry,10% and Personal 0.5% and the house rental industry, Services Financial intermediation, Wholesale and 10.9% we can estimate that tourism real retail Construction as a whole constitutes a h estate, renting trade, repairs, Finance, Insurance, a 12.6% and business otels and considerable part of the GDP activities restaurants, tran nd Real Estate (b) of Spain. 23% sport 10.3% 25% • Tourism has higher value Wholesale and Retail added than construction Trade, Hotels and Restaurants 21.1% Transport, Storage, a nd Communication 5.5%
- 5. Taxes in Spain Taxes on income and profits • Taxes on Income and Profits as a % of GDP 14.0 (individuals and corporations) as a % of 12.4 12.0 GDP was at its highest point in 10.0 9.8 10.5 11.2 10.3 9.6 2007, when Spain collected tax 9.2 9.0 % of GDP 8.0 France revenues representing 12.4% of its 6.0 Portugal GDP, compared to only 9% in 2010 4.0 Spain • The tax revenues in 2007 spiked 2.0 Source: 0.0 more for Spain than for Portugal or 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 OECD, 2011 France • Tax revenues on income & profits as Taxes on Personal Income a % of GDP has been decreasing in as a % of GDP the past three years 9.0 • Tax revenues on only personal 8.0 7.0 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.9 income have ranged from 6.1% of 6.0 6.4 6.1 6.4 6.6 % of GDP GDP in 2004, to 7.4% of GDP in 5.0 France 4.0 2007, possibly reflecting the 3.0 Portugal unemployment 2.0 Spain 1.0 0.0 Source: 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 OECD 2011
- 6. Political environment • Spain is a constitutional democracy • Head of state is King Juan Carlos I • Head of government is Popular Party leader Mariano Rajoy • The last elections were held on 20 November 2011 and the following election is set for November 2015
- 7. Monarchy • In the 19th and 20th century, the king of Spain was the head of the government, appointed senators and had more power to veto any decisions • Today, the king may give his advice to the president on State affairs • Given the restrictions of the king, and recent scandals, many question the existence of a king in Spain • Although a popular figure in the past, there have been some clashes where people have burned the picture of the king and demanded to see him off
- 8. Brief History of tourism in Spain Origin of tourists to Andalucía Rest of World 10% UK 31% Rest of EU 24% • It all began in the 1840’s • A century later, 1 million Ireland France 12% Germany mark was hit 4% Scandanavia 12% 7% • In 2010, more than 7 Source: Andalucia.com million tourists came • Northern Europeans still dominate
- 9. Percentage of nights spent in tourist accommodation 2011 Región de Comunidad Foral La Rioja Castilla-la Murcia Extremadura de Navarra 1% Mancha 2% 2% 1% 2% Cantabria 2% País Vasco 2% Andalucía Principado de Asturias 18% 3% Aragón 3% Galicia 5% Illes Balears Cataluña 5% 17% Castilla y León 5% Comunidad de Madrid Comunidad Valenciana 7% 14% Canarias (ES) 9% Source: Eurostat
- 10. Moor and Islamic influences in Andalucía • The Islamic armies came to Al-Andalus in 644 AD • In 785 AD the first Islamic monument was begun; the Cordoba mosque • When the Arabs came to Andalucía, the local population gained education of many kinds; healthy diets, medicine, how to make paper, and read • An extensive program of transcribing, copying and translating the accumulated knowledge attained from various places was started in Baghdad as well as Cordoba • Thousands of book stores were opened, literacy could be found in all social classes • Universities in Cordoba, Seville, Valencia, Malaga, and Granada were opened • Monument with strong Islamic influences is the Alhambra in Grenada. Another monument left behind is the mosque and city centre of Cordoba, all of which are World Heritage Sites • After several hundred years of Muslim rule and influence on Andalucía, in 1492 the Reconquista was completed and the Christians and the Jews ruled again
- 11. Geographic location of Andalucía • To the North are the Sierra Morena mountains, and to the West the Guadiana River marks the border between Portugal and the western-most province of Huelva • Andalucía is the most southern point of Europe and as such has seen a large influx of both legal and illegal immigrants from Northern Africa and elsewhere • Sunny and mild climate with over 300 days of sunshine, sunbathing tourism was a natural way for tourism in Spain to start. • Spain was exotic, with a different culture than the Northern Europeans were used to • It enjoys two coasts, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.
- 12. Eight different provinces in Andalucía • Seville (capital) with a population of slightly less than 2 million • Malaga, most popular tourist destination – Marbella (1,624,000) • Cadiz with its cathedral (1,243,000) • Granada with its Alhambra (922,000) • Cordoba and its mosque (805,000) • Jaen and the views from Castillo de Santa Catalina (669,000) • Almeria and its beaches (702,000) • Huelva and the beaches (521,000)
- 13. Distribution of tourists per province in Andalucía Málaga most popular destination Sevilla Almeria 5.7% 16.5% Cádiz 12.9% Córdoba 7.9% Málaga 30.7% Granada 17.2% Jaén Huelva 3.2% 5.9%
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Gross National Income comprises the total value of goods and services produced within a country (i.e. its Gross Domestic Product), together with its income received from other countries (notably interest and dividends), less similar payments made to other countries.The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.The population of Andalucía is the second largest in Spain. In 2011 there were more than 8.4 million inhabitants living in the region, up 13.5% since the last census was done in 2001 (Chris Chaplow). EducationNearly 25% of the population aged 25-64 in Andalucía has completed a tertiary education. Compared with the median of 29.9% of Spain, this is a slightly lower percentage of the population. However, considering the large population of Andalucía, it is nonetheless surprising to find that the percentage is lower at all.
- The amount of FDI in Spain increased only slightly from 1970-1980 (after Franco) and it wasn’t until 1986 that the real increase of FDI started. The reasons are likely partially due to the political stability which ensued after Franco was no longer in power, but the inclusion of Spain to the EU in 1986 must be the main reason for the increase of FDI inflows (due to the ease of doing business and trade with other countries thanks to the European union). Interestingly, FDI nearly came to a grinding halt in 2009, which most likely is the aftermath of the financial crisis which hit Spain hard. FDI per capita rose from $7 in 1970, to $89 in 1986, and if we fast forward time to right before the housing bubble, in 2006, the FDI per capita was $700, one year later, in 2007 FDI had more than doubled to $1,441 per capita, 2008 it was $1,705 and in 2009 the economy had crashed and nearly all the FDI was lost. In 2009 the FDI per capita in Spain was down to$200per capita. Such low levels hadn’t been seen since 1988-1989.
- Spain had an unemployment rate of 23.6% in February 2012, compared to 10% of its neighbour France and 15% for PortugalEmployment in the tourism sectors (hotels, restaurants and retail) makes up for more than 25% of GDP, but doesn’t employ as large of a populationAdding up part of the “other service activities” industry, and the house rental industry, we can estimate that tourism as a whole constitutes a considerable part of the GDP of Spain. An interesting point is that the employment per sector does not correspond to the percentage of GDP to which it is contributing. Although fewer people work in the tourism industry than in manufacturing and construction combined, the tourism sector adds more value to the GDP than the manufacturing and construction do, if we are to assume that part of the ‘other service activities’ gets added to the tourism sector. Employment in the tourism sectors (hotels, restaurants and retail) has seen a great surge since the 1950’s. It is quite clear that Spain has gone from a largely agricultural society to a service society, something which can be expected from a developed country. However, it is interesting to see a 50% increase in the amount of people employed in the transportation and communication sector, as well as to see that three times as many people are employed in hotels, restaurants and retail compared to 1956 and 2001 (Timmer, 2009). See Figure 5 - Total Employment in Spain by Sector of Economy (Timmer, 2009) Similarly, you can see in Figure 9 - % of GDP per industry in Spain 2010 (OECD)(OECD)that the GDP for the hotel, restaurants and retail and wholesale trade makes up a quarter of the GDP. Adding up part of the “other service activities” industry, and the house rental industry, we can estimate that tourism as a whole constitutes a considerable part of the GDP of Spain. Spain had an unemployment rate of 23.6% in February 2012, compared with 10% of its neighbour France and 15% for PortugalEmployment in the tourism sectors (hotels, restaurants and retail) makes up for more than 25% of GDP, but doesn’t employ as large of a population
- With regards to taxes, Spain has not been able to regain the same amount of tax revenue as it received in 2007 (seen as a percentage of GDP) from taxes on income and profits. At its highest point in 2007, Spain managed to receive 12.4% tax, compared to only 9% in 2010. Currently, Spain lands right in between France (9.4%) and Portugal (8.5%) who see tax revenues around the same percentage of GDP as Spain. The tax revenues in 2007 spiked considerably more for Spain than they did for either Portugal or France; possibly indicating that Spain was (and is?) in a bigger bubble than either of its neighbours. The revenues as a % of GDP has been decreasing in the past three years of which we have data (latest data is from 2010). Likewise, the taxes raised on personal income have been relatively steady since 2003-2010, ranging from 6.1% of GDP in 2004, to 7.4% of GDP in 2007. Compared to France (7.3%) and Portugal (5.6%) in 2010, Spain again scores right in the middle at 6.9%. It is important to note that these are not the tax rates charged to the individuals, but should only be seen as a percentage of GDP. In 2007, when the taxes on personal income and “income and profits” was the highest, this is simply an indicator that the tax base of Spain was larger (more people were working, business was booming, and thus Spain was able to get more tax revenue than now, when Spain sees 23.6% of the working population unemployed.
- Spain is a constitutional democracy, with a national congress. The head of state is King Juan Carlos I and the head of government (the president, equivalent to prime minister), since December 2011 is Popular Party leader Mariano Rajoy CITATION FCO \\l 1033 (Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 2012). The council of ministers is designated by the president. The last elections were held on 20 November 2011 and the following election is set for November 2015.
- MonarchyThe king of Spain does not hold as many powers as he used to. In the 19th and 20th century, the king of Spain was the head of the government, appointed senators and had more power to veto any decisions. Today, the king may give his advice to the president on State affairs, but it is entirely up to the president if he chooses to follow the advice given. Given these restrictions on the power of the king, many have begun to question the existence of a king in Spain. Although he is a very popular figure, there have been some clashes where people have burned the picture of the king and demanded to see him offIn the 19th and 20th century, the king of Spain was the head of the government, appointed senators and had more power to veto any decisions. Today, the king may give his advice to the president on State affairs, but it is entirely up to the president if he chooses to follow the advice given. Given the restrictions on the power of the king, as well as some recent scandals, many have begun to question the existence of a king in Spain. Although he was a very popular figure, there have been some clashes where people have burned the picture of the king and demanded to see him off.
- Tourism in Spain began in the 1840’s when Northern Europeans began to arrive for sunbathing and recreational activities. However, it would take more than a century for the tourism boom to really take off. In 1950 Spain saw a million tourists arrive for touristic purposes, again mainly from Northern Europe. In 2010, Andalucía received 7.43 million tourists, mainly from the United Kingdom and Ireland (35% of the tourists originate from there), France (12%), Germany (12%), Scandinavia (7%), the rest of the EU (24%), and the rest of the world (10%).
- When it comes to tourists overnight stays in Spain nowadays, most of the tourists choose Andalucía as a destination (18%), closely followed by Cataluña (17%).
- The Islamic armies came to Al-Andalus (Andalucía) in 644 AD, and many of the black moors, Berbers, who had fought in the army, were either pagans or converted to Christian religion whereas the Arabic saw themselves as pure and superior because of their race and religion. It took about a century (785 AD) before the first Islamic monument was begun; the Cordoba mosque, which was completed 200 years later. The fact that the Islamic came to Andalucía, meant that the local population gained education of many kinds – all classes of Andalucía benefitted from the knowledge transfer which led them to eat healthy diets, learned about medicine, learn how to make paper, and finally, read thanks to the expansion of the Islamic empire (they transferred knowledge from the Greeks, Chinese, Syrian etc. to their own populations). An extensive program of transcribing, copying and translating the accumulated knowledge attained from various places was started in Baghdad as well as Cordoba. Thousands of book stores were opened, literacy could be found in all social classes and universities in Cordoba, Seville, Valencia, Malaga, and Granada were opened CITATION And122 \\l 1033 (Andalucia-Andalusia). One of the greatest monuments left by the Islamic influence was the Alhambra, which is a palace situated on a hillside, symbolising the Islamic love for symmetry and harmony with nature. It is located in Granada, and is one of the major tourist attractions in the Andalucía region. Another monument left behind from that era is the mosque and city centre of Cordoba, all of which are World Heritage Sites CITATION UNE12 \\l 1033 (UNESCO). After several hundred years of Muslim rule and influence on Andalucía and Spain, in 1492 the Reconquista was completed and the Christians and the Jews ruled over Spain and Andalucía again CITATION New12 \\l 1033 (New World Encyclopedia).
- Sunny and mild climate with over 300 days of sunshine, sunbathing tourism was a natural way for tourism in Spain to start. Spain was also seen as a bit exotic, with a different culture than the Northern Europeans were accustomed to, as Andalusia is the last frontier between Africa and Europe. It enjoys two coasts, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Andalucía is the most southern point of Europe and as such has seen a large influx of both legal and illegal immigrants from Northern Africa and elsewhere that you can safely say that they have an ethnically diverse population (Cruz). To the North you can find the Sierra Morena mountains, and to the West, the Guadiana River marks the border between Portugal and the western-most province of Huelva (Andalucia.org).
- There are eight different provinces in Andalucía (in order from largest population to smallest population): Seville which is the capital of Andalucía has a population of slightly less than 2 million (1,927,000 inhabitants), Malaga (1,624,000), Cadiz (1,243,000), Granada (922,000), Cordoba (805,000), Jaen (669,000), Almeria (702,000), and Huelva (521,000) CITATION Chr12 \\l 1033 (Chris Chaplow). The largest share of the tourism in Andalucía is received by Málaga and Granada, followed by Sevilla. See figure 3. CITATION Iza12 \\l 1033 (Junta de Andalucia, 2012)