Kumar S - UEI Day 1 - Kochi Jan18

1. Sunil KUMAR
Director, National Water Academy, Pune
First User Engagement Initiative - IUKWC
Emerging Concepts of Irrigation Water Management
January 23rd 2018 – Kochi, Kerala

2. Page 2

3. Ultimate Irrigation Potential (UIP) Vs Irrigation Potential Created (IPC)
25.6%
8.4 %
34 %
5.00
1.50
2.50
1.00
4.10
3.60
4.80
1.52
0.33 0.37
1.90
2.10
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnatka Kerala Maharashtra Odisha
UIP IPC
In Million Hectares (Major & Medium Projects)

4. Incomplete Distribution
Irrigation: Issues and Challenges

5. Non-Completion of Command Area Development
Irrigation: Issues and Challenges

6. Diversion of irrigable land for other purposes
Irrigation: Issues and Challenges

7. Irrigation Sector

8. Climate Change Aggravates problem Leading to social & Economic problems
16% Area Affected
Drinking Water Problems Agriculture Affected
Livestock Affected
Drought Scenario

9. 1950
22 mHa
55 MT
65 mHa
2015
260 MT
2050
140 mHa
450 MT
Innovative Practices for Irrigation Water Management

10. Emerging Concept: Wastewater Reuse

11. Advantages:
• Extra source of water;
• Independent of the precipitation;
• Reduces load on natural water sources;
• Wastewater reuse alleviates the anthropogenic impacts on the
environment;
• Capital costs are low to medium for most systems and are
recoverable in a very short time;
• in many instances, wastewater irrigation increases crop growth
and yield and associated agricultural products.
Emerging Concept: Wastewater Reuse

12. Disadvantages:
• Reuse of wastewater may be seasonal in nature
• Health problems such as water-borne diseases and skin
irritations, may occur in people coming into direct contact with
reused wastewater.
• Chemicals, such as sulfuric acid, produced during the treatment
process can result in chronic health problems.
• Application of untreated wastewater for irrigation as injected
recharge water may result in groundwater contamination.
Emerging Concept: Wastewater Reuse

13. Emerging Concept: Water Pricing

14. • Affordability to be prime consideration followed by accessibility
& timeliness of supply;
• Full recovery of Operation & Maintenance Costs;
• Stakeholder consultation process while determining tariffs;
• Efficient use of water;
• Sustainable operations and management of water systems;
• Promotion of water conservation and management processes;
• Polluter to pay in case of polluting consumers.
Emerging Concept: Water Pricing

15. Water Market
Water
Market
Emerging Concept: Water Market

16. • Surface water is under the control of the State Governments.
• Ground water is the private property of the person holding the
overlying land.
• No Norm / Guidelines regarding volume of water that could be
withdrawn.
• Leads to indiscriminate & overuse groundwater and its
contamination.
• landless people have no water rights.
• Informal markets may exacerbate the over drafting or depletion
problem.
• But the formal markets may also not work any better unless
water rights are established and enforced.
.
Emerging Concept: Water Market

17. Emerging Concept: Water Footprint

18. • Introduced by Arjen Hoekstra in 2002 , UNESCO-IHE;
• Water Footprint is closely linked to the virtual water
concept;
• The Water Footprint of a commodity, individual,
community or business is defined as the total volume of
freshwater that is used to produce the goods and
services consumed by the individual or community or
produced by the business (Hoekstra and Chapagain
2008).
Emerging Concept: Water Footprint

19. Blue Water Footprint refers to consumption of blue water resources
(surface and groundwater);
Water Footprint: Blue Water

20. Water Footprint - Green Water
Green Water Footprint refers to consumption of green water resources
(rainwater that does not become surface or ground water)

21. Water Footprint: Gray Water
Grey Water Footprint refers to pollution and is defined as the volume
of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants

22. Commodity WFP Green (%) Blue (%) Grey (%)
Rice 2497 lit/kg 68 20 11
Bread (wheat) 1608 lit/kg 70 19 11
Maize 1222 lit/kg 77 7 16
Barley 1420 lit/kg 85 6 9
Potato 287 lit/kg 66 11 22
Sugar (Sugar cane) 1782 lit/kg 66 27 6
Sugar (from beet) 920 lit/kg 62 19 19
Milk 1020 lit/kg 85 8 7
Orange 560 lit/kg 72 20 9
Apple 822 lit/kg 68 16 15
Banana 790 lit/kg 84 12 4
Mango 1800 lit/kg 73 20 7
Grapes 610 lit/kg 70 16 14
Eggs 3300 lit/kg 79 7 13
Chicken Meat 4325 lit/kg 82 7 11
Goat Meat 5521 lit/kg 94 6 0
Sheep Meat 10412 lit/kg 94 5 1
Pork Meat 5988 lit/kg 82 8 10
Beef 15415 lit/kg 93 4 3
Tea 8860 lit/kg 82 10 8
Coffee 18900 lit/kg 96 1 3
Chocolate 17196 lit/kg 98 1 1
Cotton 10000 lit/kg 54 33 13
Leather (Bovine) 17093 lit/kg 93 4 3
Emerging Concept: Water Footprint

23. Emerging Concept: Water Footprint

24. Government
Private Sector
PPP
Contract
Stakeholders
Service
Contract
Services /
Assets
Tariff /
Revenue
Subsidy
Emerging Concept: Public-Private Partnership (PPP)

25. • Institutional and Regulatory
framework
• Private Sectors on-board
• Subsidy / tax rebate to
Private Sectors in PPP
• Stakeholders’ capacity
Building
Government Private Sector
• Change perception that
Irrigation is non profitable
• Innovation to bring down
cost
• Design of the system after
proper requirement
analysis
Farmers / Stakeholders
• Change perception that
Water is free gift of nature
• Water Tariff must meet
O&M cost
• Awareness level for
appropriate dissemination
of knowledge/policies.
Emerging Concept: Public-Private Partnership (PPP)

26. Conclusion

27. Sunil KUMAR
MANY THANKS
January 23rd 2018 – Kochi, Kerala