This lecture presents the concept of the Sustainable Development with its three pillars: environment, economy and society. It presents the application of this concept on the City and the difficulties, which encounter this application.

1. Smart
City
Solu-on
and
Implementa-on
AUST
Summer
Course
Chapter
2
:
Sustainable
City
Professor
Isam
SHAHROUR
Isam.shahrour@univ-­‐lille1.fr

2. Sustainable
City:
A
city
that
contributes
to
sustainable
development
Interna-onal
concern
and
priority
since
about
40
years

3. Q1
:
What
is
Sustainability
?
Q2:
Sustainability
indicators
?
Q3
:
City
challenges
regarding
sustainability
?
3
Ques-ons

4. Sustainable
development
is
the
“development
that
meets
the
needs
of
the
present
without
compromising
the
ability
of
future
genera-ons
to
meet
their
own
needs.
“Sustainable
development”
Report
“Our
Common
Future”
(1987)
of
the
World
Commission
on
Environment
and
Development

5. Two
key
concepts:
• The
concept
of
'needs',
in
parNcular
the
essenNal
needs
of
the
world's
poor,
to
which
priority
should
be
given.
Sustainable
development
• The
idea
of
limitaNons
imposed
by
the
state
of
technology
and
social
organizaNon
on
the
environment's
ability
to
meet
present
and
future
needs

6. Sustainable
development
-meline
1976
:
United
Na-ons
Conference
on
Human
SeSelment
Organized
within
the
mandate
of
the
United
NaNons
General
Assembly
for
the
promoNon
of
ecological
and
social
sustainability
of
ciNes.
Provides
a
definiNon
of
suitable
habitat
and
proposes
recommendaNons
to
enable
it
to
all
the
popula-on

7. Sustainable
development
-meline
DefiniNon
of
“Sustainable
Development"
as
that
meets
the
needs
of
the
present
generaNon
without
compromising
the
needs
of
future
generaNons.
1987
:
World
Commission
on
Environment
and
development
Our
Common
Future
(Brundtland
Report)

8. 2500
recommendaNons
on
health,
housing,
air
polluNon,
seas,
forests,
mountains,
deserNficaNon,
water
resources,
sanitaNon,
agriculture
and
wastes
Agenda
21
Today,
Agenda
21
is
the
reference
document
in
sustainable
territorial
development.
h[p://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_sd21st/21_pdf/SD21_Study1_Rio_Principles.pdf
Sustainable
development
-meline
1992
:
Earth
Summit
–
Rio
de
Janeiro

9. Principle
1:
Human
beings
are
at
the
center
of
concerns
for
sustainable
development.
Principle
4
In
order
to
achieve
sustainable
development,
environmental
protecNon
consNtutes
an
integral
part
of
the
development
process
Agenda
21

10. 1996
–
Habitat
Agenda
Istanbul
20
years
a^er
Habitat
1
Sustainable
development
-meline
Statement
The
situaNon
of
housing
and
human
se[lement
conNnue
to
deteriorate.
CiNes
and
villages
are
centers
of
civilizaNon:
drivers
of
economic,
social
cultural
and
spiritual
development
We
must
preserve
their
diversity

11. 1996
–
Habitat
Agenda
Istanbul
Priority
to
:
• excessive
concentraNons;
• situaNon
of
the
homeless;
• increased
poverty;
• unemployment;
• social
exclusion;
• family
instability;
• insufficient
resources
• infrastructure
and
basic
services;
• gaps
in
the
planning;
• increased
insecurity
and
violence;
•
environmental
degradaNon
and
• increased
vulnerability
to
disasters.

12. Sustainable
development
-meline
2002
:
World
Summit
on
Sustainable
development
(Summit
of
Johannesburg)
10
years
a^er
Rio
Summit
(Agenda
21)
• The
objecNves
of
the
Rio
conference
were
confirmed.
• A[enNon
to
social
and
economic
development
(Rio
conference
focused
on
environment)

13. Sustainable
development
-meline
2005
:
Koyoto
protocol
InternaNonal
treaty
for
the
reducNon
of
greenhouse
emission
ObjecNve
:
ReducNon
by
at
least
5%
of
the
greenhouse
emission
(compared
to
1990
level)
during
the
period
2008
–
2012.
h[p://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html

14. 2012
:
Rio+20
:
Two
objec-ves
• Green
economy
in
the
context
of
sustainable
development
• Poverty
eradicaNon
• Significant
differences
between
members
on
these
objecNves.
• Absence
of
several
leaders:
Barack
Obama,
Angela
Merkel
and
David
Cameron

15. Document
"The
Future
We
Want"
reiterates
the
commitments
of
previous
summits:
• Launching
a
process
to
establish
sustainable
development
goals.
• CreaNon
of
a
”Forum”
for
monitoring
sustainable
development
• Reinforcement
of
the
United
NaNons
Environment
Program
(UNEP)

16. France
:
Grenelle
de
l’environnement

17. Process
2007
–
2009
Large
concentraNon
:
social,
economic
and
poliNcal
actors
(34
commi[ees)
August
2009
:
Grenelle
1
Law
(process
of
implementaNon
of
the
Grenelle)
July
2010:
Grenelle
2
Law
(NaNonal
engagement
for
the
environment).

18. Sustainable
development
in
France
Grenelle
1:
2009
Grenelle
2:
2010

19. Grenelle
2
LOI
no
2010-­‐788
du
12
juillet
2010
Portant
engagement
na-onal
pour
l’environnement

20.
• Building
and
urban
planning;
• Transport;
• Energy
and
climate;
• Biodiversity
• Environmental,
health;
• Governance
6
sec-ons

21. A sustainable city :
A
city
designed,
built,
and
managed
in
a
manner
where
ciNzens
meet
their
own
needs
without
endangering
the
well-­‐being
of
the
natural
world
or
the
living
condiNons
of
other
people,
now
or
in
the
future”

22. Sustainability
Environment
Social
economy
Sustainability

23. Sustainable
development
1.
Environment
:
-­‐ Preserva-on
of
natural
resources:
Water,
Energy,
ConstrucNon
material,
Other
materials
Pollu-on
reduc-on:
Air,
Water,
Soils
Waste
treatment
&
recycling
Solid
waste,
Water
sewage,
demoliNon
materials,
industrial
wastes,…

24. 1.
Environment
:
-­‐ Land
protec-on
Agriculture
area,
Green
space,
Drainage
space
(water
infiltraNon,..)
Ques-on
:
Intense
city
?
-­‐ Natural
disaster
-­‐ ProtecNon,
Emergency,
Resilience

25. Sustainable
City
• Social
exclusion,
minority,
social
mixity
• Children,
women,
• Social
aid
• Services
expenses
modulaNon
(housing,
transport,
educaNon,
health,..)
• Old
people
services
2.
Social
• Poverty
• Housing
• Health,
EducaNon
• Governance
parNcipaNon

26. Sustainable
City
3.
Economy
• Economic
development
(Jobs,
income
increase….)
• Cost
saving
• Economic
transiNon
:
from
old
industry
to
modern
economy
• Research
and
innovaNon
• Digital
integraNon
• A[racNveness
&
compeNNveness

27. • A1
Sustainable
Development
and
educaNon
• A2
Social
Policies
for
Sustainable
Development
VIDEOS

28. Q1
:
What
is
Sustainability
?
Q2:
Sustainability
indicators
?
Q3
:
City
challenges
regarding
sustainability
?
3
Ques-ons

29. Indicators
are
needed
for:
•
ObservaNon,
•
Analysis,
Understanding
• Planning,
Control
“We
can
not
control
what
we
do
not
measure”
Indicator : some thing that indicates the
state or level of something (Oxford
Dictionary)

30. Indicators
of
sustainable
development
are
crucial
for:
• CreaNng
a
“concrete
definiNon”
of
sustainability.
• ElaboraNon
of
strategy
with
goals
to
be
achieved
and
means
to
be
mobilized.
• Tracking
progress
towards
goal.
• In
case
of
a
gap
between
goal
and
realizaNon,
readjusNng
the
strategy.

31. Indicators
of
sustainable
development
Agenda
21
(1992)
recommended:
• The
construcNon
of
indicators
for
sustainable
development,
which
will
be
used
in
decision-­‐making
at
all
levels
• The
harmonizaNon
of
global
efforts

32. 1995:
The
United
Na-ons
Commission
on
Sustainable
Development
proposed
a
set
of
indicators
for
SD.
It
includes
a
group
of
134
indicators
(Blue
Book)
1995
-­‐
1996:
Development
of
a
methodology
for
each
indicator

33. 1996
-­‐
1999:
22
voluntary
countries
tested
these
indicators
Results:
• Group
of
indicators
not
adapted
for
pracNcal
use
• Reduce
the
number
of
indicators
from
134
to
58
•
ClassificaNon
of
the
indicators
into
themes
and
subthemes
New
set
of
indicators
established
in
2001
(2nd
Edi-on
of
the
Blue
Book)

34. 2005:
revision
of
the
indicators
for:
• IntegraNng
new
ideas
about
the
role
of
indicators
in
the
SD
•
Integrate
new
feedbacks
•
Harmonize
SD
indicators
with
other
UN
strategies
October
2007:
New
edi-on
of
SD
indicators

35. 3rd
Edi-on
of
SD
indicators
• 50
key
indicators
in
a
set
of
96
indicators
• Taking
into
account
the
specificiNes
of
countries
Key
indicators:
• Cover
the
SD
issues
in
the
majority
of
countries
• Give
greater
informaNon
• Can
be
determined
by
the
majority
of
countries

36. New
set
of
indicators
14
themes
:

45. United
Kingdom

46. 13
indictors

50. Q1
:
What
is
Sustainability
?
Q2:
Sustainability
indicators
?
Q3
:
City
challenges
regarding
sustainability
?
3
Ques-ons

51. Major
city
challenges
regarding
sustainability
?
Complexity
of
the
organizaNon
and
competencies
Infrastructure
Funding

52. Complexity
of
the
organiza-on
and
competencies
CITY
State

53. Exemple
:
Local
gouvernement
in
France
• Municipality
:
36
700
(in
1884)
• FederaNon
of
ciNes
(intercommunalités)
• Department
:
101
(in
1871)
• Region
:
22
(in
1982)
2016
:
ReducNon
to
11

54. Intercommunalités
(Federa-on
of
Ci-es)
• Communautés
Urbaines
(>
250
000
)
(in
1966)
(nombre
15)
• Communautés
d’aggloméraNons
(>15
000
)
• Communauté
de
communes

55. Responsibili-es
&
Competency
Domain
City
(Federa-on
of
ci-es)
Department
Region
State
Urban
planning
X
X
X
X
Environment
X
X
X
X
Large
urban
facili-es
X
X
X
X
Roads
Urban
Departmental
Na-onal
Housing
Social
aid
Subven-on,
social
housing
Funding
Na-onal
policy

56. Major
city
challenges
regarding
sustainability
?
Complexity
of
the
organiza-on
and
competencies
Infrastructure
Funding

57. Urban infrastructures description

58. • Water
(drinking
and
sewage)
• Energy
(gas,
electricity,
heaNng)
• TelecommunicaNons
Urban
Networks:
the
arteries
of
the
city
Urban infrastructures description

59. Electrical
Grid
in
France
Line
high
tension
:
593
000
km
Line
low
tension
:
664
000
km
Transformer
:
726
000

60. Water
network
in
France
• Pipes
:
906
000
km
• 50
%
:
installed
before
1972
• Yearly
replacement
:
0,6%

61. Urban
Networks
characteris-cs:
• Buried
(invisible,
...)
• Mixed
(old
and
new,
some
more
than
150
years
old)
• Huge
investment
and
operaNng
costs
•
high
interdependency
Urban infrastructures description

62. Buildings
(habita-on,
services
and
work)
Urban infrastructures description

63. Statement
• Mainly
old
ciNes
• Constructed
in
the
15th
-­‐
20th
• Largely
expanded
la[er
• Related
to
the
industrial
and
economic
development
• Large
construcNon
programs
aver
the
2nd
world
war
(Europe)
Infrastructures
in
developed
countries

64. Inadequate
for
todays
requirement
• Rapid
city
expansion
• Unsustainable
urbanizaNon
• Mixed
:
old
(more
than
150
years),
new
…
• Lack
of
maintenance
• Lack
of
investment
• Increase
quality
demand
• Responsibility
(??)
Infrastructures
in
developed
countries

65. 80%
Poor
quality
Example
:
buildings
in
France
Excellent
quality

66. Challenges
:
-­‐ Need
for
huge
investment
(crisis
context)
-­‐ Lack
of
major
innovaNons
in
urban
infrastructures
-­‐ Socio-­‐economic
model
(role
of
the
private
sector,
taxes,
social
model,....)
-­‐ Cultural
change,
-­‐ Governance
(responsibility,….)
Infrastructures
in
developed
countries

67. Statement
• Huge
expansion
of
urban
areas
• Slums
• Lack
of
buildings
&
infrastructures
• Poor
quality
construcNon
• Poor
basic
infrastructure
(drinking
water,
sanitaNon,
energy,
roads)
Infrastructures
in
low
income
countries
• Urban
planning
• Lack
of
funding
• Lack
of
qualificaNon(technology,
management,…)
• CorrupNon

68. Challenges
:
-­‐ Need
for
huge
investment
(crisis
context)
-­‐ Lack
of
major
innovaNons
in
urban
infrastructures
-­‐ Socio-­‐economic
model
(role
of
the
private
sector,
taxes,
social
model,....)
-­‐ Cultural
change,
-­‐ Governance
(responsibility,….)
Infrastructures
in
low
income
countries

69. Challenges
:
• Huge
need
for
Infrastructures
• Huge
urban
expansion
• Need
for
qualificaNons
(building
capacity)
• Governance
:
transparency,
corrupNon,
• Huge
investment
Infrastructures
in
low
income
countries

70. Major
city
challenges
regarding
sustainability
?
Complexity
of
the
organiza-on
and
competencies
Infrastructure
Funding

71. Pubic
funding
:
State,
Region,
City
Finance
for
sustainable
development
Private
sector:
Green
industry
Users:
charges
for
roads,
tunnels,
city
access,
parking,
waste
treatment,..
Public
–
private
partnership
Taxes
:
Greenhouse
gas
taxes,..
Innova-on
:
reducNon
of
the
cost,
new
market,..

72. Conclusion
The
Concept
of
sustainable
development
(SD)
is
well
established.
However,
it
should
be
adapted
to
the
local
context.
It
has
a
major
role
in
the
protecNon
of
the
environment
and
the
life
quality
in
the
present
and
in
the
future.
Due
to
the
high
urbanizaNon,
the
city
has
a
major
role
in
the
implementaNon
of
SD.

73. Conclusion
Implementa-on
of
SD
requires
:
-­‐ high
poliNcal
resoluNon
-­‐ parNcipaNon
of
all
the
stakeholders
(administraNon,
private
sector,
ciNzens,…)
-­‐ Cultural
change
-­‐ Establishment
of
regulaNons
-­‐ Funding

74. • A3
Sustainability
indicators
• A4
Planning
Sustainable
CiNes
• A5
Rio
Mayor
Eduar
do
Paes_2012.
VIDEOS