2. In this unit you are going to learn:
1. Clasificación de los seres vivos
2. Características y clasificación de los animales vertebrados
e invertebrados.
3. La función de nutrición, relación y reproducción.
4. Dianne Fossey y Jane Goodall.
5. Observar la naturaleza. Cuaderno de campo
3. 1.1. Classification of living things.
The five Kindogms
●
We will remember that all living on our planet can be clasified into
five groups or Kingdoms.
4. 1.2. How they Nourish themselves
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Living things nourish themselves in different ways.
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PRODUCERS: which manufacture their own food by transforming
inorganic substances (wáter, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.) into
organic substances, such as sugars (plants)
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CONSUMERS: Which feed on plants or other animals (tigers or
humans)
●
DECOMPOSERS, which feed on dead plants and animals. Bacteria and
fungi transform plants and animal remains into inorganic substances,
which return to the soli and are used again by plants.
7. 2.1. Vertebrates animals
Vertebrates are very different, but they all share important features:
●
They have an internal skeleton made of bones that revolve around a
spinal column.
●
The body of vertebrate animals is usually divided into head, trunk
and extremities. Their extremities can be in the form of legs, wings
or fins.
●
Some vertebrates are oviparous or viviparous
10. 2.1.1 Vertebrates: Mammals
●
Mammals are a very large and diverse group. But they share the
following characteristics.
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Mammals are viviparous
●
At birth all maman, feed on milk produced by their mothers.
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Some babies, like lambs can walk when they are born. Others cannot.
Babies Kangaroos stay in the mother´s pouch for some time.
●
Almost all have skin covered with fur or hair, though some have
smooth skin, like dolphins.
●
Marine mammals like dolphins or whales live in the sea. They have
bare skin ante they swim using their fins. Marine mammals are
excellent divers. However, they need to come to the surface of the water
to breathe in oxygen from the air
11. 2.1.1 Vertebrates: Mammals
●
They breathe through lungs.
●
Most mammals have four legs and tail. They move out through the
terrestrial environment.
●
Flying mammals there are different types of bats. Bats fly using their
upper limbs, which are wings. The wings have layers of skin stretched
over the arms and fingers. Bats have a thumb and four fingers, like
people.
●
Humans belong to Primates group. Gorilas, chimpazees and
monkeys are also primates. All primates have big brains and their
eyes are at the front of their face. They use their hands to grip objects
an use them as tools
13. 2.1.2. Vertebrates: Birds
●
Birds are oviparous animals, incubate their eggs in nests until they
hatch their babies. After, they are responsible for their care and
feeding until they are autonomous.
●
All birds breathe through lungs
●
They have a beak and their skin is covered with feathers.
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Birds have two wings to fly and two legs covered with scales.
●
Some can fly like the eagle, and others not, like the ostrich, all have
in common the following parts:
17. 2.1.3. Vertebrates: reptiles
●
Reptiles are oviparous animals, but not incubate their eggs, leave
them. They not care for their babies at birth.
●
All reptiles breathe through lungs and the body covered with scales.
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Some reptiles walk on four legs like lizard, others haven´t legs and
crawl like the snake.
18. 2.1.3. Vertebrates: reptiles
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Snakes have no legs and they slither
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Tortoises and turtles have a hard Shell to protect their body. Turtles
are aquatic, but they brethe oxygen from the air.
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Cocodriles are protected by boni scutes wher their scales are verty
thick
22. 2.1.4. Vertebrates: Fish
●
Fish are oviparous animals and independent animals from
birth.
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They lay many small eggs in water. These eggs have no
protective covering, and the fish do not incubate them.
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Fish breathe through gills, they have diferents types of fins .
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The fish are completely covered skin flakes
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The fish can live in fresh water and salt water are aquatic
animals.
29. 2.1.5 Vertebrates:Amphibians
●
Anphibians share five characteristics:
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Amphipians have bare skin and they can breathe through lungs and
through their skin.
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They have four legs.
●
Frogs and toads have longer hindquarters and no tail.
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Newts and salamanders have four equal legs and a long tail
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Dooble-loop circulation.
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A partially divided heart.
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Cutaneus circulation
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Theses characteristics alow amphibians to thrive or land.
30. 2.1.5. Vertebrates:Amphibians
●
Amphibians are oviparous
●
Tadpoles hatch from eggs laid in water. Tadpoles are different from the
adults. They breathe trough gills and have a tail to swim. They live in
water. As they develop, tadpoles grow legs. They leave the water and
live on
33. 2.Invertebrate animals.
Characteristics
●
Invertebrate animals are the most numerous group of land. They are
very different from each other but, all have common characteristics:
●
They have no bones and spinal column.
●
Some insects have skeleton, but it is external,
●
Cuttlefish have an internal skeleton, but is not made of bones.
●
They are oviparous
●
The invertebrate animals are classified in the following way:
arthropods, molluscs, annelids, echinoderms, cnidarians, porifera,
36. 2.1.1 Animals
invertebrates.Arthropods.Insects
The main characteristics of insects are:
●
It has six legs and a pair of antennas
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Body divided into three parts: head, abdomen and thorax
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They have tracheal breathing
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Some have one or two pairs of wings
37. 2.1.1 Animals
invertebrates.Arthropods.Insects
●
The life cycle of insects:
●
Insects are oviparous. When the egg hatches, the offsprirng looks like
a worm. It hasn´t got any wings or antennae. It is called a larva for
some insects, and a caterpiller for butterflies and moths. Larvae and
caterpillers eat all the time.
●
In the case of the silk moth, when the Caterpillar grows large, it makes
a cocoon. . It goes through many more changes. Finally, an adult silk
moth emerges from the cocoon
42. 2.1.3 Animals
invertebrates.Arthropods.Crustacea
ns
The main characteristics of Crustaceans are:
●
They are primarily aquatic
●
They have two pairs of antennae and two legs
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Their bodies are covered by a carapace
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Their bodies are divided into two parts: cephalothorax and abdomen
44. 2.1.4.Animals
invertebrates.Arthropods.Myriapods
●
The Myriapods have the following characteristics:
●
Its body is divided into head and trunk
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They have two antenae on its head
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The trunk consists of articulated rings
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Each ring has two pairs of legs
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They are terrestrial and breathe by traqueas.
45. 2.2 Animals invertebrates. Molluscs
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Molluscs are the second most numerous group of invertebrates.
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Their bodies are soft and some have shell.
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They breathe through lungs or gills
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They are oviparous
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Molluscs are classified into three groups: gastropods, bivalves and
cephalopods
49. 2.3 Animals invertebrates. Porifera
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General characteristics of the porifera:
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They are aquatic
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Body perforated by pores and channels that let water through
them.
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Sexual and asexual reproduction
●
Pluricelulars
50. 2.4. Animals invertebrates.
Echinoderms
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They are aquatic
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They have spines and arms
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They live at the bottom of the sea or glued to the
rocks
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They breathe through gills
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Unisexual reproduction
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They undergo metamorphosis. also by
fragmentation of arms
51. 2.5. Animals invertebrates.
Cnidarians
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They are aquatic.
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They live at the bottom of the sea, as is the case of Anemones
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They can live floating in the water, as the Jellyfish.
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With the tentacles they catch their prey which are their food.
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They are several waysn :Polyps, Jellyfish and Corals
52. 2.6. Animals invertebrates. Annelids
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They have elongated, soft body and cylindrical
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Your body is made up of rings, which help them to move and dig
tunnels
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Some are parasites, feeding on their victims and cause serious
diseases
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The most common is the earthworm
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The aquatic breathe through gills and terrestrial have cutaneous
respiration
54. 3.The nutrition function, the interaction
function and reproduction function in
animals●
Animals use many different strategies to help them survive. Some
hunters use their size, otrhers their speed; some, like scorpions an
many snakes, are poisonous, other make webs, like spider.
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Animals defend themselves by running away, forming groups, hiding,
being poisonous, etc.
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Some animals have very interesting way of hunting or escaping
called mimicry: they look like other animals, or camouflage
themselves in their surroundings.
●
For example, there are flies that look like dangerous wasps, some
insects look like keaves, some caterpillers look like the twigs of the
treees where they live.
55. 3.1.The nutrition function
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Animals are multicelular organism. They are consumers
(heterothophs). This mean they fead on other living things.
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HOW THE NUTRITION FUNCTION WORKS:
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Four processes:
1. The taking and digestión or food
2. The taking of oxygem through breathing.
3. The distribution of substances through the organism
4. The excretion of residues
59. 3.1.1.The nutrition. Taking and digestion
of food
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The taking of food: Almost all animals take food into their bodies through
their mouth which can have tentacles, a tongue, a beak, teeth, etc.
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The digestión of foof: Digestion involves the extraction of useful
substances from food and the excretion of what we do no need.
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To perform digestión most animals have a digestive system. The simplest
is a digestive cavity.
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Most have a digestive tract. These are tubes that start at the mouth and
end at the anus
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They have different organs, like the stomach and the intestines.
60. 3.1.2..The nutrition.Breathing
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Animals that take oxygen from wáter do it through their skin or gills.
●
Animals that take oxygen from the air have tracheas (fine tubes all
round their bodies) or lungs (“sacks” which the animal fills with air to
extract the oxygen).
61. 3.1.3.The nutrition. Distribution of
substances
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Blood distributes oxygen, and the substances animals extract from
food around the body, through the circulatory system
64. ●
To perform the interaction function Works:
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Receptors: Which detect information
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A nervous system: which receives information, elaborates a response
and sends instructions.
●
Effectors: Like muscles, which execute the instructions; animals react
by moving, producing substances, communicating, etc.
3.2.The interaction function. How
interaction function in animals
65. ● Animals have cells called neurons. Neurons are interconnected. They
form a network, called the nervous system. Which receives
information form the receptors, elaborates a response and sends
instructions to the effectors .
● Invertebrates have a very simple nervous system. In vertebrates it is
formed of the brain, the espinal cord and the nerves.
3.2.1. The interaction function.The
sense organs (receptors)
66. 3.2.2.The interaction
function.Effectors. The muscles
●
Muscles contract when they receive instructions from the nervous
system. They move the structures which animals use to move; feet,
wings, fins, tentacles, etc.
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In vertebrates these structures contain bones which, together with the
muscles, for the locomotor system
69. 3.3.The process of reproduction.
Animals vertebrates
●
Through the process of reproduction animals can produce new
offspring.
●
So that vertebrates can reproduce fertilization needs to take place. An
ovule and spermatozoid have to come together. When this happens,
the new offspring starts to grow inside or outside the mother´s baby.
●
Fertilization in vertebrates can be external when the ovule and the
spermatozoid come together outside the mother´s body, as in
amphibians and fish.
●
Or it can be internal when they come together insife the mother´s
body, as in birds and reptiles
71. 3.3.1.The process of reproduction.
Oviparous vertebrates.
●
In oviparous vertebrates, the new offspring grows inside an egg,
outside the mother´s body. (birds, reptiles, amphians and fish
reproduce in this way.
●
Female birds and reptiles lay eggs that are protected by a Shell. The
embryro grows inside the shell until it is born.
●
Lots of birds incubate the eggs. When the growth of the new
offspring is complete, the eggs hatch, the Shell breaks and the baby
comes out.
●
Female amphibians and fish lay their eggs in the wáter and then
abandon them. These eggs have no shell.
72. 3.3.2. The process of reproduction.
Viviparous vertebrates.
METARMOPHOSIS
●
In vertebrates that are not oviparous, the new offspring grows inside the
mother´s body. Mammals are viviparous
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The baby grows in the mother´s uterous during pregnancy.
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When the baby is formed, it is born.
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After the birth the mother feeds the babies with milk that she produces in
her breast. It has a tail and no legs.
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After a short time, the tapole grows four legs, first two at he front and
then two at he back.
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Next, it loses its tail and develops lungs.
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When the amphibians is an adult, it leaves the wáter and breathes in air
through its lungs.
73. 3.3.3.The process of reproduction.
Vertebrates Metamophosis
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Metamophosis refers to all of the changes that a living thing underoes
from when it is born to the moment becomes an adult.
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Female amphibians lay eggs under the wáter.
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A tadpole is born from each egg. It lives in the wáter and breathes
through gills.
74. 3.4.The process of
reproduction.Invertebrates
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All invertebrates are oviparous; the grow and develop outside the
female´s body. For the egg to form, fertilization is necessary.
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The new offspring that leave the invertebrate´s egg are called larvae.
●
Some larvae are very similar to the adult animal but other look very
different. This happpens with insects that undergo metamophosis to
become adults
78. Jane Goodall
●
In July 1960, at the age of 26, Jane Goodall traveled from
England to what is now Tanzania and bravely entered the
little-known world of wild chimpanzees. She was equipped
with nothing more than a notebook and a pair of binoculars.
But with her unyielding patience and characteristic
optimism, she won the trust of these initially shy creatures,
and she managed to open a window into their sometimes
strange and often familiar-seeming lives. The public was
fascinated and remains so to this day.
80. The Jane Goodall Institute
●
Today, Jane’s work revolves around inspiring action on
behalf of endangered species, particularly chimpanzees, and
encouraging people to do their part to make the world a
better place for people, animals, and the environment we all
share. The Jane Goodall Institute works to protect the
famous chimpanzees of Gombe National Park in Tanzania,
but recognizes this cannot be accomplished without a
comprehensive approach that addresses the needs of local
people who are critical to chimpanzee survival.
82. The Jane Goodall institute
●
This community-centered conservation programs in Africa
include sustainable development projects that engage local
people as true partners. These programs began around
Gombe in 1994, but they have since been replicated in other
parts of the continent. Likewise, Jane Goodall’s Roots &
Shoots, which Jane started with a group of Tanzania
students in 1991, is today the Institute’s global
environmental and humanitarian youth program for young
people from preschool through university with nearly
150,000 members in more than 130 countries.
84. Diane Fossey
●
Dr. Dian Fossey’s life was marked by many challenges and
successes. Fossey, whom Rwandans knew as
Nyiramachabelli – "the woman who lives alone on the
mountain" – is remembered throughout the world for her
heroic struggle to preserve, protect and study the mountain
gorilla. As founder of the Digit Fund (later renamed the
Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International), her firm
commitment to wildlife preservation, especially that of the
mountain gorilla, resulted in a truly remarkable career that
spanned two decades.
86. Diane Fossey
●
Diane Fossey's early interest in animals and her childhood
dream of becoming a veterinarian led her to San Jose State
College. While in college she changed her major to
occupational therapy; however, her love for animals never
faltered, and she was at the same time becoming
increasingly interested in Africa. In 1963, while on a six-
week sabbatical in Africa, Fossey met Dr. Louis Leakey,
who spoke urgently about the need for research on the great
apes. Under the direction of Leakey, Fossey agreed to
undertake a long-term field study of the mountain gorillas.
87. Diane Fossey
●
In 1966, Fossey won support and funding from the National
Geographic Society and the Wilkie Brothers’ Foundation
for a research program in the Congo (then Zaire). Due to
intense political upheaval and rebellion in Zaire, Fossey left
and moved to Rwanda. In 1967, she founded the Karisoke
Research Center in Rwanda's Parc National des Volcans,
between two volcanoes: Mt. Karisimbi and Mt. Visoke.
89. Diane Fossey´s Legacy
●
In 1983, Fossey published Gorillas in the Mist, an account
of her life and work at Karisoke™. The book became an
international best seller. A movie based on the book was
released in 1988. The film, starring Sigourney Weaver as
Dian Fossey, achieved great popular success and helped
attract public support for Fossey’s work.
91. Diane Fossey´s Legacy
●
Fossey was killed in 1985 in her cabin at
Karisoke. The name of the Digit Fund was
changed after her death to the Dian Fossey
Gorilla Fund International. In subsequent years
her legacy has grown through the Fossey
Fund’s programs, which are dedicated to the
conservation and protection of gorillas and their
habitats in Africa.
93. 5.Field Notebook
●
What is a field notebook?
●
The field notebooks are basically a Notepad in which researchers
write or draw their observations.
●
This research tool is usually used by biologists, geologists,
environmental scientists, geographers, paleontologists, archaeologists,
anthropologists (ethnographers), and sociologists
95. 5.Field Notebook
●
How do we make a field notebook?
1. Select the type field notebook that you would like to make
2. Make or buy an suitable field notebook
3. See the world that surrounds you
4. Write your observations on your notebook
