To plan a city/region, we require base data on which information extrapolation & decisions may happen. Hence, Identify ‘data needed’, and Identify ‘needs of data’ collection Inspection survey: A) Direct : Observe traffic count/ situation Observe housing quality Observe economic activity Observe social parameters, etc. B) Indirect: Clubbing of directly observed ‘indicators’ to generate area’s possible ‘proxy’. For e.g. housing condition + plot sizes + no. & types of vehicles + consumer goods = income range . Personal interview/ Dialogue: A questionnaire is designed beforehand at appropriate scale: Nominal Scale : Yes or No Ordinal Scale : Possible options or multiple choice questions Interval Scale : Range/ intervals like age group or income group Structured questions are precise and one-way Semi-structure survey is a two-way information flow. It’s an informal dialogue in which the surveyor might receive new information from respondent/s. however, it depends on; Behavioural factors of surveyor and respondents Questions not to be ambiguous or long Managing conversation and seeking pin-point answers Judging responses without bias Recording interview Avoiding errors Cross-checking with other respondents Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and existing conditions: Developed Under-developed Un-developed Major uses marked on map are as per the defined regional/city level plans, like; Urbanizable zone Industrial zone Transportation & Communication zone roads, railways, MRTS, Seaports, Dockyards, Airports, Bus depots/ terminals, freight complexes, transmission and communication Primary activity zone Agriculture, poultry, rural settlements, brick kilns, extraction areas Open area zone Recreation zone, green buffer zone Protected/ Eco-sensitive zone Water bodies, forests, sanctuaries, coastal zone, wetlands, marshy zone special area zone Heritage & conservation zone, scenic value, tourism zone, defence area/ zone, border conflict zone Data regarding demographic characteristics; Population growth (natural, induced) Population size (age-wise) Population density Population distribution Gender ratio Socio-Economic status Religion Marital status Education ratio School dropouts Gender-wise enrolment in schools, colleges Mortality rate (age-wise) Birth rate Health rate (in some surveys) Sample types for doing household/ demographic surveys; Simple Random sampling Systematic sampling Stratified sampling Cluster sampling Multistage sampling There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire: Decide the information required. Define the target respondents. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents. Decide on question content. Develop simple & clear wording of questions Put the questions into a meaningful order and format. Check the length of the questionnaire. Pre-test the questionnaire Develop the final survey form.

1. Data Collection for
Planning
2022

2. Data required for urban and regional planning
To plan a city/region, we require base data on which information
extrapolation & decisions may happen.
Hence,
Identify ‘data needed’, and
Identify ‘needs of data’ collection
Data needed Data Checklist 1. List of major topics with priorities
2. List of major information needed and
perceived outcome
3. Break down each topic into sub-topics
4. Identify likely information sources
Needs of data collection methodology 1. Primary data collection
2. Secondary data collection

3. Data sources
Secondary Primary
1. Published documents
i. Govt documents
ii. Journals and magazines
iii. Newspapers
iv. Blogs and other internet
sources
v. GIS data
2. Unpublished documents
i. Govt records
ii. Toposheets
iii. Unpublished research works
like college thesis/ reports
1. Reconnaissance survey/ visual survey:
this is quick overview of area
2. Inspection: direct visual inspection by
surveyor
3. Personal interview: face-to-face,
telephonic, google-sheet. It needs a
questionnaire.
4. Self-survey: It needs a questionnaire to
be sent via mail or email or internet.
Response collection is not immediate.

4. Primary survey techniques
1. Reconnaissance /
visual survey:
• Familiarize with area
• Initial impression of
social and physical
impression of area
• Identify selected areas
for further investigation
• Generate points for
crisping out checklist

5. Primary survey techniques
2. Inspection survey:
A) Direct :
• Observe traffic count/ situation
• Observe housing quality
• Observe economic activity
• Observe social parameters, etc.
B) Indirect:
Clubbing of directly observed
‘indicators’ to generate area’s
possible ‘proxy’.
For e.g. housing condition + plot
sizes + no. & types of vehicles +
consumer goods = income range

6. Primary survey techniques
3. Personal interview/ Dialogue:
A questionnaire is designed beforehand at appropriate scale:
Nominal Scale : Yes or No
Ordinal Scale : Possible options or multiple choice questions
Interval Scale : Range/ intervals like age group or income group
A. Structured questions are precise and one-way
B. Semi-structure survey is a two-way information flow. It’s an informal
dialogue in which the surveyor might receive new information from
respondent/s. however, it depends on;
i. Behavioural factors of surveyor and respondents
ii. Questions not to be ambiguous or long
iii. Managing conversation and seeking pin-point answers
iv. Judging responses without bias
v. Recording interview
vi. Avoiding errors
vii. Cross-checking with other respondents

7. Primary survey techniques
3. Focused Group Discussion (FGD):
• It’s a qualitative data collection and research technique
• Can happen before designing the questionnaire or after having physically
surveyed data.
• Homogenous groups of people are drawn into discussion with key questions
related to main objectives. It helps build non-statical data.
• FGD in rural villages can make use of interactive diagrammatic data
collection techniques such as mapping, Venn diagrams, etc.
4. Self Survey:
• Questionnaires are mailed/ emailed/ published to/ for respondents to revert
• Its time consuming, as its at the discretion of respondents
• Responses received can low and/ or unsatisfactory to generate data

8. Land Utilisation Land Use survey
Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and
existing conditions:
1. Developed
2. Under-developed
3. Un-developed
Major uses marked on map are as per the defined regional/city level plans,
like;
1. Urbanizable zone
2. Industrial zone
3. Transportation & Communication zone
roads, railways, MRTS, Seaports, Dockyards, Airports, Bus depots/ terminals, freight complexes, transmission and
communication
4. Primary activity zone
Agriculture, poultry, rural settlements, brick kilns, extraction areas
5. Open area zone
Recreation zone, green buffer zone
6. Protected/ Eco-sensitive zone
Water bodies, forests, sanctuaries, coastal zone, wetlands, marshy zone
7. Special area zone
Heritage & conservation zone, scenic value, tourism zone, defence area/ zone, border conflict zone

9. Land Use Classification
Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and
existing conditions:
Source: URDPFI, Vol I, 2015

10. Data checklist
Source: URDPFI, Vol I, 2015

11. Data checklist

12. Data checklist

13. Data checklist

14. Data checklist

15. Data checklist

16. Data checklist

17. Data checklist

18. Data reliability
Validity and reliability
1. On-site random checking of physical data
2. Design a questionnaire having less chances of error in data required
3. Spot/ geo-referenced photographs

19. Socio- Economic surveys
Data regarding demographic characteristics;
1. Population growth (natural, induced)
2. Population size (age-wise)
3. Population density
4. Population distribution
5. Gender ratio
6. Socio-Economic status
7. Religion
8. Marital status
9. Education ratio
1. School dropouts
2. Gender-wise enrolment in schools, colleges
10. Mortality rate (age-wise)
11. Birth rate
12. Health rate (in some surveys)
Usually sourced
from Census data,
and validated
through
HOUSEHOLD (HH)
/ DOOR-TO-DOOR
surveys.
HH surveys require
lot of time and
manpower, hence
their sampling is
thought out before
going on site.

20. Questionnaire design
There are nine steps involved in the development of a
questionnaire:
1. Decide the information required.
2. Define the target respondents.
3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.
4. Decide on question content.
5. Develop simple & clear wording of questions
6. Put the questions into a meaningful order and format.
7. Check the length of the questionnaire.
8. Pre-test the questionnaire
9. Develop the final survey form.

21. Questionnaire design
Different questionnaire for different data collection methods
1. Exploratory questions
If the data to be collected is qualitative or is not to be statistically
evaluated
2. Formal Standardised questions
If data is to be analysed statistically
“Keep the interview brief and to the point”

22. Questionnaire design for HH survey
HH survey cues:
1. Housing
i. Existing number of houses,
ii. Condition of house, type of
structure, age,
iii. Number of people living in each
household
iv. Number of habitable rooms,
v. Occupancy (tenant or owner),
vi. Services (drainage, drinking,
water, electricity),
vii. Rent in relation to the income of
the family, etc,
2. Transport
i. Place of employment
ii. Type of employment,
iii. Mode of transport the ,
iv. Time taken to travel to place of
employment, etc.
3. Education
i. Distance from primary or middle
school to home,
ii. Mode and cost of travel from
home to school, etc,
4. Recreational
i. Place of recreation,
ii. Type of recreation for adults and
children, etc,
5. Shopping
i. Distance of nearest shopping
center, etc.

23. Sampling techniques for HH surveys
Sampling success is based on the homogeneity of the population within
groups. These sample groups can be identified but not limited to are
proposed as;
1. Density of Housing,
2. Character of Housing,
3. Economic Level of the Resident Population,
4. Economic activity of community (inter-dependencies) such as agro-
industry, home-based industries, tribes, etc.
5. Socially cohesive Groups,
6. Influence Zone of congregating Centres such as Religious Site/ building,
Markets etc.
Further division in these homogenous areas (as identified above) be made
into survey zones. These zones can be of any number depending on the
capacity of surveyor to cover the required HH/ respondents.

24. Sampling methods
Methods for doing household/ demographic surveys;
1. Simple Random sampling
2. Systematic sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Cluster sampling
5. Multistage sampling:
It has multiple stages
Comprising of systematic,
stratifies and cluster sampling.
Multistage sampling

25. Sampling techniques
Selecting a Sample of Respondents;
• Identify the accessible population.
• Avoid using samples of convenience.
• Simple random sampling is a desirable method of sampling.
• Systematic sampling is an acceptable method of sampling.
• Stratification may reduce sampling errors.
• Consider using random cluster sampling when every member of a
population belongs to a group.
• Consider using multistage sampling to select respondents from large
populations.
• Consider the importance of getting precise results when determining
sample size.
• Remember that using a large sample does not compensate for a bias in
sampling.
• Consider sampling non-respondents to get information on the nature of a
bias.

26. Residential density
(gives info about crowding or
under utilised land,
infrastructure gap, and future
absorption & provisions
possible)
Non-Residential density
(gives info about types &
quantity of non-residential
uses, FAR or FSI utilisation,
and future absorption &
provisions possible)
Density survey
Density survey is carried out to understand the space available per
person for ‘habitation’.
Gross Density is population distribution over areas including roads,
water, greens, PSP, amenities, etc., whereas the Net Density is
population dwelling in a particular land parcel.
Source:
URDPFI,2015

27. Data quality
Quantity vs Quality
1. Quantitative Data Methods:
Involves the measurement of numerical data and is analysed using statistical and
computation techniques. Common methods include standardized questionnaires,
surveys, or experiments.
2. Qualitative Data Methods:
Involves the measurement of non-numerical data and is analysed by reporting
broad themes in the language used. Common methods include exploratory
questions (interviews) or focus groups (text, video, audio).

28. Housing and City Economics Indicators
Study indicators : Housing Study indicators : City Economics
1. Building height
2. Building age
3. Building condition (sturdy/ non-
sturdy, permanent/ non-permanent)
4. Building use (floor-wise)
5. Accommodation type (permanent,
rental, paying-guest)
6. No. of habitable rooms
7. Plot size and set-back (if any)
8. Legal status of housing
neighborhood
9. Land circle rate (decadal)
10. Land market rate (decadal)
1. Hierarchy of commercial centers/
markets
i. CBDs
ii. Wholesale markets, mandis
iii. Community centres
iv. Local shopping centres
v. Convenience shops
2. Informal markets
3. Urban street vendors
4. Tourist sites
5. Tourist accommodations (hotels,
B&B, motels, etc.)
6. Industries (primary/ secondary
sector, hierarchy, and operational
status)

29. Infrastructure Survey Indicators
Physical infrastructure Social infrastructure
1. Water
i. Supply
ii. Sewerage & sanitation
iii. Drainage
iv. Stormwater management
2. Solid Waste Management
3. Air
4. Power
5. Logistics & Transportation
6. Telecom services
1. Healthcare facilities for all living
beings, ages, genders, ailments etc.
2. Education facilities for all ages and
genders
3. Socio-Cultural spaces
4. Community Open spaces
5. Safety & Security
6. Distribution Facilities

30. Infrastructure Survey : Physical
Study indicators : Water Study indicators :SWM
1. Water supply:
i. Sources of water supply
ii. Water supply status (lpcd)
iii. Water quality
iv. Water supply network
v. Metered water connections
vi. Water consumption under
various uses (residential,
industries, commercial,
recreation, fire safety)
2. Sewerage & Sanitation
i. Public sanitation facilities
ii. Water outflow (un-treated)
iii. Sewerage network
iv. Location of water treatment
facilities and STPs
3. Drainage network and treatment,
including Stormwater collection
1. Operation study of garbage
collection
2. Location of dustbins
3. Location of garbage collection
points/ centres
4. Location of garbage segregation
points
5. Location of landfill sites
6. Recycling plants
7. Any pollution from mismanagement
8. Number of workers/ agencies
involved
Study indicators : Telecom
services
1. Utility corridor
2. Large facility installation
3. Telephone Exchange buildings
4. Post offices and posts

31. Infrastructure Survey : Physical
Study indicators : Air Study indicators : Logistics &
Transportation
1. Sources of air pollution
2. Air quality
1. PM
2. SO2
3. NO2
4. O3
3. Air monitoring stations
1. Location of airports (international
and domestic) and the footfall
2. Location of seaports & yards
3. Location of railway stations and
terminals (regional, intercity and
intra-city)
4. Metro lines, stations and yards
5. BRTS network and stations
6. Bus stations & terminals
7. Para-transit facilities
8. Freight complex/es
9. Parking facilities (bus, truck, cars,
taxis, cycles, autos, etc.)
10. Location of toll-gates
11. Traffic volume on roads
12. Congestion points and stretches
13. Road encroachments
14. Road/ street design (existing)
Study indicators : Power
1. Power Grid location & power
generation status
2. Electric sub-stations
3. Power supply status
4. HT location/ network
5. Location of transformers
6. Metered power supply
7. Any alternative source of power

32. Infrastructure Survey : Social
Study indicators : Healthcare Study indicators :Education
1. Location Regional/ District hospitals
(including no. of beds)
2. Location of General hospitals
(including no. of beds)
3. Location and number of nursing
homes, child welfare and maternity
centres (including no. of beds)
4. Location and quantity of
dispensaries
5. Quantum of Speciality and Multi-
speciality hospitals
6. Identification of healthcare facilities
under Govt, Trusts, and Private
ownership
7. Veterinary hospitals
8. Diagnostic centres
9. Rehabilitation centres
1. Location of Universities (including
types of courses and total no. of
seats)
2. Location of Colleges and their
affiliations (including types of
courses and total no. of seats)
3. Location of Vocational institutes
(including types of courses and total
no. of seats)
4. Location & quantum of Senior
Secondary Schools
5. Location & quantum of Secondary
Schools
6. Location & quantum of Primary
Education institutes
7. Location & quantum of Pre-Primary
Education institutes
8. Schools for challenged-children

33. Infrastructure Survey : Social
Study indicators : Socio-Cultural Study indicators :Community
Open Spaces
1. Anganwadi/ daycare facilities
2. Old-age homes
3. Orphanage
4. Marriage halls
5. Public library
6. Recreational clubs/ centres
7. Meditation/ spiritual club
8. Theatres/ centres for performing arts
and moving arts
9. Religious facilities/ buildings (temple,
mosque, Eidgah, ghats/ kunds,
cremation/ burial grounds, etc.)
10. Working women and men hostels
11. Adult education centres
12. Night shelters
13. Exhibition grounds, Convention
centres
14. Science centres and museums
1. District parks
2. City parks
3. Community parks
4. Neighborhood parks
5. Tot-lots
6. Sports centre
7. Amusement park and water-park
8. Botanical / zoological parks
9. Cultural grounds
10. Location of camping areas or other
privately run recreational sites (like
Kingdom of Dreams, Lohagarh
Farms, etc.)

34. Infrastructure Survey : Social
Study indicators : Safety &
Security
Study indicators :Distribution
facilities
1. Police :
i. Training institutes
ii. District office and batallion
iii. District jails
iv. Location of police stations and
posts
v. Permanent check-points
2. Fire :
i. Training centres
ii. Location of fire stations
iii. Fire sub-stations or posts
iv. Any other fire fighting network/
system in study area
3. Disaster management institute
1. Petrol and diesel pumps (location
and service status)
2. CNG stations (location and service
status)
3. EV charging stations ((location and
service status, if any)
4. PNG stations (location and service
status)
5. LPG Stations (location and service
status)
6. Milk booths (location and service
status)