4. Orbital Anatomy
⢠7 bones
⢠30 cc (35 mm width x
40 mm height)
⢠25-30 mm orbital
optic nerve
⢠Rim
â Zygomatic
â Maxillary
â Frontal
⢠Floor (3 bones)
â Zygomatic, maxillary and
palatine
⢠Medial wall (4 bones)
â Sphenoid, lacrimal,
ethmoid, maxillary
⢠Roof ( 2 bones)
â Frontal, sphenoid
⢠Lateral wall (2 bones)
â Zygomatic, sphenoid
(greater wing)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Orbital Anatomy (cont.)
⢠Optic foramen
â 8-10 mm
â Located within lesser
wing of sphenoid
â Transmits optic nerve,
ophthalmic a. and
sympathetic nerves
⢠Superior orbital fissure
â Bound by greater and
lesser sphenoid wings
â Outside annulus
(âluscious French
tartsâ)
⢠lacrimal, frontal, IV
â Inside annulus (âsit
naked in anticipation)
⢠III-sup, nasociliary III-
inf, VI
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Orbital Anatomy (cont.)
⢠Inferior orbital fissure
â Bound by sphenoid,
maxillary and palatine
bones
â Transmits V2 which
exits skull through
foramen rotundum
⢠Annulus of Zinn
â Fibrous rings formed
by rectus muscles
â Does not include IV
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Orbital Pathophysiologic
Patterns1
⢠Inflammation: 57.3%
⢠Neoplasia: 22.3%
⢠Structural Abnormality: 15.8%
⢠Vascular Lesions: 2.8%
⢠Degenerations and Depositions: 1.7%
1 Rootman J. Diseases of the Orbit. J.B. Lippincott. 1988.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. Orbital Inflammation
⢠Orbital cellulitis
⢠Graves ophthalmopathy
⢠Idiopathic orbital inflammantion
(pseudotumor)
⢠Sarcoidosis
⢠Wegenerâs
⢠polyarteritis nodosa
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Orbital Cellulitis
⢠Medical emergency â because of rapid spread to
brain (i.e. cavernous sinus thrombosis, brain
abscess) and compressive neuropathy
⢠3 causes
â Spread from adjacent structures (I.e. sinus most
common)
â Direct innoculation â trauma/surgery
â Hematogenous spread (rare)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Orbital Cellulitis (cont.)
⢠Orbital vs. preseptal cellulitis
â Orbital signs: motility changes, proptosis, chemosis,
decreased retropulsion
⢠Evaluation â CT scan
⢠Sinusitis common +/- subperiosteal abscess
⢠Treatment
â IV abxâs with surgical drainage of any abscess
â Steroids with vision threatened and no fungal (i.e.
trauma, immunosuppresion) suspected
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Graves Ophthalmopathy
⢠Eyelid retraction most common finding
⢠Most common cause of unilateral/bilateral
proptosis
⢠Women:men 6:1
⢠90% hyperthyroid, 6% euthyroid, 4% hypo
⢠Severity of disease unrelated to T3 and T4
⢠May be asymmetric
⢠Optic neuropathy and severe exposure are urgent
⢠Surgery: decompression, strabismus, retraction
repair www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation
(âPseudotumorâ)
⢠May present as focal (I.e. dacryoadenitis, myositis,
sclerotenonitis, perioptic nerve) vs. diffuse soft
tissue
⢠Acute pain, eom restriction and proptosis
⢠Bilateral in adults: suspect systemic vasculitis
⢠Bilateral in 1/3 of children
⢠Treatment: prednisone 60-80 mg/day with slow
taper (over several months)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. Pediatric Orbital Tumors
⢠Benign
â Dermoid cysts â frontozygomatic suture
â Lipodermoids â Goldenhaarâs sydrome
â Optic nerve glioma â controversial treatment
â Capillary hemangioma â grow 1st
year â usually
involute by age 4 (75%)
⢠treat with steroids if vision threatening
â Lympangioma
⢠Worse with URIâs
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. Adult Orbital Tumors
⢠Benign
â Cavernous hemangioma â removal if
symptomatic
â Meningioma â needs surgery if vision
threatening or if intracranial extension
â Orbital varices
â Hemangiopericytoma â may become malignant
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. Adult Orbital Tumors
⢠Malignant
â Metastatic
⢠Breast, lung, prostate, GI and melanoma
â Hemangiopericytoma (malignant
transformation from benign form)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. Lacrimal Gland Tumors
⢠Epithelial (50%)
â Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed) â
remove entirely or may recur with malignant
transformation
â Adenoid cystic carcinoma (swiss cheese) â bad
actor
⢠Lymphoid (50%) â XRT for both
â Lymphoma
â Benign lymphoid hyperplasia
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Orbital Trauma
⢠LeFort classification
â I â transverse maxillary
â II â nasal, lacrimal and maxillary bones
(includes medial floor)
â III â craniofacial disjunction (includes all
walls of orbit but roof)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. Orbital Trauma (cont.)
⢠Indications for surgery of blow-out
fracrure
â Entrapment beyond 7-10 days (urgent
treatment in children)
â Enophthalmos > 2 mm
â >50% of floor involved (leads to late
enophthalmos)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. Superficial Eyelid Landmarks
⢠Eyebrow
â Peaks at 9:00 limbus
â 1 cm above orbital rim in youth
â Flatter in males, more flared in females
⢠Palbebral Fissure
â Horizontal 28-30 mm
â Vertical 9-11 mm
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. Superficial Eyelid Landmarks
⢠Upper Eyelid Margin
â Peaks slightly nasal to the pupil
â upper limbus in youth
â 1.5 - 2.0 mm below in adult
⢠Lower Eyelid Margin
â inferior limbus
⢠Margin above superior limbus or below inferior
limbus termed âretractionâ or âscleral showâ
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Superficial Eyelid Landmarks
⢠Lateral commissure
â 5 mm nasal to lateral rim
â 2 mm above medial in males
â 4 mm above medial in females
⢠Medial commissure
www.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Superficial Eyelid Landmarks
⢠Upper Eyelid Crease
â 7 - 8 mm above the margin in males
â 9 - 10 mm above the margin in females
⢠Lower Eyelid Crease
â poorly defined
â 5 mm below the margin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. Eyelid Anatomy (cont.)
⢠skin and subcutaneous tissue
⢠orbicularis muscle and
submuscular fibroadipose tissue
⢠orbital septum
⢠preaponeurotic fat
⢠retractors
⢠tarsus and conjunctiva
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Skin and Subcutaneous Fascia
⢠Thinnest of the body (~ 1mm) - thinnest
medially
⢠Little or no subcutaneous fat
⢠Subjected to the most movement; stretching
and relaxing
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. Skin and Subcutaneous Fascia
⢠Upper eyelid crease
â 9-10 mm in females, 7-8 mm in males
â formed by levator attachments to pretarsal skin
â lower in Asians because septum joins levator at
a lower point allowing inferior fat migration
⢠Lower eyelid crease
â marks the lower edge of tarsus
â slopes from 5 mm medially to 7 mm laterally
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. Orbital Orbicularis
⢠Voluntary
⢠Above - inserts to the anterior supraorbital
margin medial to the supraorbital foramen;
shares a common insertion with corrugator
supercilli
⢠Below - inserts to the anterior infraorbital
margin medial to infraorbital foramen
www.indiandentalacademy.com
32. Preseptal Orbicularis
⢠Involuntary
⢠Laterally: continuous overlying lateral
canthal tendon
⢠Medial insertion
â anteriorly to medial canthal tendon
â posteriorly (Jones muscle) to the lacrimal
diaphragm; upper may also insert on posterior
lacrimal crest
www.indiandentalacademy.com
33. Pretarsal Orbicularis
⢠Firmly attached to tarsus
⢠Lateral - gives rise to lateral canthal tendon
⢠Medial
â Superficial heads form the medial canthal tendon which
inserts to the medial orbital margin
â Deep heads (Hornerâs muscle) insert into the lacrimal
bone at posterior lacrimal crest
â Riolanâs muscle forms grey line
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. Orbital Septum
⢠Orbital septum + tarsus = âmiddle lamellaâ
of the eyelid
⢠Originates at the arcus marginalis
(periosteum)
⢠Superior - fuses with the levator
aponeurosis 2-5 mm (avg. 3.4 mm) above
the superior tarsal border
www.indiandentalacademy.com
36. Orbital Septum
⢠Inferior - fuses with inferior border of
tarsus, separated from capsulopalpebral
fascia by postseptal fat
⢠Lateral - inserts anterior to lateral canthal
tendon
⢠Medial - inserts on posterior lacrimal crest
(i.e, lacrimal sac is outside orbit)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
39. Retractors of Upper Eyelid
Levator palpebrae superioris
⢠Originates at orbital apex
⢠Horizontal (40 mm) and vertical (15-20 mm)
components
⢠Changes from horizontal to vertical at Whitnallâs
ligament
⢠Vertical component has two layers
â levator aponeurosis
â superior tarsal muscle (Mullerâs)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
40. Retractors of Upper Eyelid
⢠Levator Aponeurosis
â forms lateral and medial horns - attach to
respective retinaculae
â attaches into the pretarsal muscle and skin and
anterior lower 1/3 of anterior tarsal surface
www.indiandentalacademy.com
41. Retractors of Upper Eyelid
⢠Superior Tarsal Muscle (Mullerâs)
â innervated by cervical sympathetic system
â inserts at superior tarsal border
â medially attaches to the medial horn
â Hornerâs syndrome is due to Mullerâs muscle
paralysis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
43. Retractors of Lower Eyelid
⢠capsulopalpebral head given off by inferior
rectus
⢠splits around inferior oblique and âreunitesâ
as Lockwoodâs ligament
⢠capsulopapebral fascia projects anteriorly
from Lockwoodâs ligament and attaches to
inferior tarsal border
www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Retractors of Lower Eyelid
⢠inferior tarsal muscle (mullerâs) terminates
2.5 mm beneath inferior tarsal border
www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. Tarsus
⢠Dense irregular connective tissue - not
collagen
⢠Meibomian glands
â orifices located posterior to lashes and grey line
â 30-40 upper
â 20-30 lower
⢠Cilia bulbs - on top
of tarsus
www.indiandentalacademy.com
46. Tarsus
⢠Upper
â 29 mm in length, 10 mm wide
â extends to lateral commissure
⢠Lower
â 29 mm in length, 4 mm wide
â extends to puncta
www.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Conjunctiva
⢠Palpebral conjunctiva
â marginal - extends to mucocutaneous border
â tarsal - adherent to tarsus
â orbital - portion adherent to tarsal muscles
⢠Bulbar conjunctiva - starts at fornix and
extends on to globe
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. Lateral âWhitnallâsâ Orbital Tubercle
⢠Lateral retinaculum
â lateral horn of levator aponeurosis
â lateral canthal tendon
â inferior suspensory âLockwoodâsâ ligament
â check ligament of lateral rectus
⢠Whitnallâs ligament inserts 10 mm superior
to lateral orbital tubercle (NOT on
Whitnallâs tubercle)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
49. Posterior Lacrimal Crest
⢠Medial ocular retinaculum
â inferior transverse âLockwoodâsâ ligament
â medial rectus check ligament
â deep heads of pretarsal muscle
â medial horn of levator aponeurosis
â orbital septum
www.indiandentalacademy.com
54. Ectropion
Associated terminology
⢠Lagophthalmos
exposure of conjunctiva/cornea with attempted
lid closure
⢠Lid Retraction or Scleral Show
visible conjunctiva between inferior limbus and
lower lid margin
www.indiandentalacademy.com
55. Involutional Ectropion
⢠Tissue relaxation associated with aging
⢠Extreme cases termed âtarsal ectropionâ
implies detachment of retractors in addition
to laxity
www.indiandentalacademy.com
57. Cicatricial Ectropion
⢠Actinic changes
⢠Trauma
⢠Burns
⢠Removal of lower lid lesions
⢠Chronic inflammation
⢠Lower lid blepharoplasty
⢠Congenital
www.indiandentalacademy.com
58. Mechanical Ectropion
⢠Due to mass effect of lower lid lesion
â bulky tumors
â herniated orbital fat
â chronic lower lid edema
⢠Addressing primary cause usually effective
treatment
www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. Congenital Ectropion
⢠Typically involves upper and lower lids
⢠Conservative treatment (i.e. taping of lids,
temporary tarsorrhaphy) usually adequate
⢠Surgical intervention requires full-thickness
skin grafts
www.indiandentalacademy.com
60. Lateral Tarsal Strip Procedure
⢠Anderson RL, Gordy DD. Archives of
Ophthalmology, 1979
www.indiandentalacademy.com
71. Ectropion
When lid tightening is not enough
⢠Paralytic - severe cases
â Midface lift, fascia lata sling
⢠Cicatricial
â Full thickness skin graft
⢠Congenital
www.indiandentalacademy.com
73. Involutional Entropion
⢠Most patients present with eyelid rolled in and
orbicularis spasm
⢠Accompanied by red, irritated eye
⢠Initially transient - may stimulate by repeated
forceful closure and upgaze
⢠Three factors implicated
â horizontal laxity
â disinsertion of capsulopalpebral fascia
â overriding orbicularis oculi
www.indiandentalacademy.com
74. Transient Spastic Entropion
⢠Acute lower lid swelling accompanied by
orbicularis spasm
⢠Generally resolves with resolution of
swelling
⢠Suture technique quick and effective and
may provide permanent relief
www.indiandentalacademy.com
76. Congenital Entropion
⢠Associated with epiblepharon (roll of eyelid
that mechanically rolls lid inward)
⢠Common in Asian population
⢠Irritation from lashes requires treatment
www.indiandentalacademy.com
77. Entropion
When lid tightening is enough
⢠Almost never
â Addressing only one of several factors usually
associated with recurrence
â mild involutional cases may respond
www.indiandentalacademy.com
78. Entropion
When lid tightening is not enough
⢠Involutional
â Jones Procedure
⢠Transient Spastic
â Quickert suture
⢠Cicatricial
â Posterior lamellar grafting
⢠Congenital
â Jones-like Procedure without tightening
â Reduction of epiblepharon skin if present
www.indiandentalacademy.com
87. Ptosis - Treatment principles
⢠Moderate to Good levator function
â Levator resection/advancement
⢠Poor levator function
â Frontalis suspension
⢠Autologous fascia lata ideal
⢠Silicon can be used prior to age 3 (leg not big
enough)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
88. Retraction â Etiology
⢠Graves
â Most common cause
⢠Post eye muscle surgery
⢠Superior orbital malignancy
⢠Pseudoretraction â due to contralateral
ptosis (i.e., Heringâs law)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
89. Retraction - Treatment
⢠Levator recession
â Upper lid +/- spacer graft
â Lower lid + spacer graft (hard palate,
Alloderm)
⢠Mullerectomy (excision through crease or
trans-conjunctival incision) â usually
combined with levator recession
www.indiandentalacademy.com
91. Basic Secretors
⢠Basic secretors
â decreases with age
â no efferent
innervation
www.indiandentalacademy.com
92. Mucin Secretors
⢠Goblet Cells
â throughout the conjunctiva,
denser nasally
⢠Crypts of Henle
â upper 1/3 of upper tarsus
â lower 1/3 of lower tarsus
⢠Glands of Manz
â circumcorneal ring of the
limbal conj.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
93. Aqueous Secretors
⢠Glands of Krause
â fornix - subconjunctival
â 40 in upper, 6-8 in lower
⢠Glands of Wolfring
â upper and lower border of tarsus
â 2-5 in upper, 2 in lower
www.indiandentalacademy.com
94. Oil Secretors
⢠Meibomian glands
â in the tarsal plates
â 25-40 in upper, 20 in lower
⢠Zeis
â follicles of eyelashes
⢠Moll
â root of eyelashes
www.indiandentalacademy.com
97. Main (Orbital) Lacrimal Gland
⢠20mm x 12mm x 15mm
⢠.78 gm
⢠4 ligaments firmly hold gland in place
â Sommeringâs ligament - periosteum from roof
â Posterior - inferior ligament of Schwalbe
â Superior transverse âWhitnallâsâ ligament
â Lateral horn of levator aponeurosis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
98. Main (Orbital) Lacrimal Gland
⢠Lacrimal foramen
⢠2 to 6 excretory ducts - pierce conjunctiva 5
mm above lateral margin of the tarsus
www.indiandentalacademy.com
99. Palpebral Lacrimal Gland
⢠About 30 loosely knit lobules each with a
secretory duct that empties into a main
excretory duct
⢠Upper lobules present at lacrimal foramen
⢠Can be prolapsed into view
⢠May have 1 to 2 main excretory ducts
www.indiandentalacademy.com
100. Reflex Secretors
⢠Fifth cranial nerve is the reflex, afferent pathway
for the main and palpebral lacrimal glands
⢠Other areas that may initiate a response
- retina - thalamus
- frontal cortex - hypothalamus
- basal ganglia
- cervical sympathetic ganglia
www.indiandentalacademy.com
104. Reflex Secretors
⢠Sympathetic - efferent pathway
â Fibers arise in the hypothalamus
â Pass to superior cervical ganglion
â Post-ganglionic fibers : 3 routes
⢠Sphenopalatine ganglion and zygomatic nerve
⢠Accompany the lacrimal artery
⢠Within the lacrimal nerve
www.indiandentalacademy.com
105. Distributional System
⢠Eyelids
â distribute tears
â regulate evaporation
â expel superfluous tears
â assist in the formation of the precorneal tear
film
www.indiandentalacademy.com
106. Excretory System
⢠Upper and lower canaliculi
⢠Lacrimal sac
⢠Nasolacrimal duct
⢠Palpebral parts of the orbicularis oculi
⢠Approx. 35 mm in length
www.indiandentalacademy.com
107. Canaliculi
⢠Canaliculi - 10 mm in length, 2 mm
vertical and 8 mm horizontal
⢠Diameter - punctum 0.3 mm
- ampulla 2 to 3 mm
- canaliculi 0.5 mm
⢠Lined by stratified squamous epithelium,
surrounded by dense connective tissue
www.indiandentalacademy.com
108. Canaliculi
⢠90% have common
canaliculus - enters
posterior and superior
⢠Dilation of common
canaliculus is the sinus of
Maier
⢠Valve of Rosenmuller at
distal end of common
canaliculus
www.indiandentalacademy.com
109. Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal
Duct
⢠Lined double layered
columnar epithelium
⢠Single structure ~ 35
mm in length
â Canaliculi 8-10 mm
â Fundus - 4 mm
â Body - 8 mm
â Duct - 12 mm
www.indiandentalacademy.com
110. Nasolacrimal Duct
⢠Meatal NLD - 5 mm:
guarded by Hasnerâs valve
⢠Angled slightly lateral and
posterior
⢠Opens into the inferior
meatus
⢠Distance from the entrance
of nose to duct is 35 mm
(less in infants)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
111. Lacrimal Diaphragm
⢠Extension of orbital
periosteum
â âsac within a sacâ
⢠Inferior and superior
preseptal muscles insert
into it
⢠Thinnest at lower end of
anterior lacrimal crest
www.indiandentalacademy.com
114. Congenital Epiphora
⢠Usually begins between 2 and 3 months
⢠Causes:
â Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
(NLDO)
â Punctal agenesis
â Reflex tearing (e.g., conjunctivitis,
epiblepharon with secondary trichiasis,
distichiasis, congenital glaucoma)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
115. Congenital Epiphora Evaluation
⢠Constant/minimal mucopurulence
â Upper system (i.e., canalicular, punctal)
obstruction
⢠Constant/frequent mucopurulence
â Lower system (i.e. NLDO) obstruction
⢠Intermittent/frequent mucopurulence
â URI infection causing intermittent obstruction
at inferior turbinate
www.indiandentalacademy.com
116. Congenital NLDO
⢠Caused by membranous block at valve of
Hasner
⢠Present in 50% of newborns
⢠Most resolve in 6 weeks
⢠90% resolve in 1 year
⢠Majority with symptoms @ 6 mos will clear
by 12 months w/o surgery
www.indiandentalacademy.com
117. Congenital NLDO Evaluation
⢠Pressure on sac â look for discharge
⢠Examine lids for open puncta
⢠Jones testing (DRT, I, not II) â look for dye
in throat
www.indiandentalacademy.com
118. Congenital NLDO Management
⢠Conservative management for 1st
year
â Massage
â Topical antibiotics for âflare-upsâ
⢠Indications for probing
â Acute dacyrocystitis
â Chronic skin irritation
â Parent frustration with chronic infection
www.indiandentalacademy.com
119. Congenital NLDO Management
(cont.)
⢠Probing considerations
â May perform office probing if < 6 months
â Probing with silicone intubation and inferior
turbinate infracture if > 6 mos (general anes.)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
120. Congenital NLDO Management
(cont.)
⢠Probing technique
â traction on lid â probe to âhard stopâ
â rotate along brow and down duct â donât force!
â pop through Hasnerâs valve
www.indiandentalacademy.com
121. Congenital Dacryocystocele,
(a.k.a., Mucocele, Amniotocele)
⢠Plugging of sac with mucous and amniotic
fluid
⢠Caused by NLDO â may extend into nose
⢠Usually sterile, may become secondarily
infected
⢠Probing indicated if infection develops
www.indiandentalacademy.com
123. Punctal Agenesis
⢠Rare
⢠May have a well developed canalicular
system revealed through a lid cut down
⢠If entire punctal-canalicular system absent,
CDCR (w/Jones tube) necessary
www.indiandentalacademy.com
126. Acquired Epiphora - Evaluation
Exam:
⢠Eyelid/punctal position
â Ectropion with exposure (incl. VII n. palsy)
â Entropion with secondary trichiasis
⢠Tear instability (tear BUT<10 sec)
â Dry eyes/blepharitis
⢠Pressure on sac for mucous discharge
⢠Nasal exam â intranasal tumor, turbinate
impaction, polyps or allergic rhinitis
www.indiandentalacademy.com
127. Acquired Epiphora - Diagnostics
⢠Schirmer tear testing
⢠Jones testing
â Dye disappearance test (DDT) â abnormal if
dye remains after 5 minutes
â Jones I â normal (pos) if dye spontaneously
reaches nose â Jones II not necessary
â Jones II â normal (pos) if saline irrigates freely
into nose with dye and without reflux
www.indiandentalacademy.com
128. Jones Testing Interpretation
⢠Jones I (-) Jones II (+) w/dye
â functional obstruction
â trial of FML, followed by DCR
⢠Jones I (-) Jones II (+) w/o dye
â lid malposition vs. punctal stenosis
â treat lid disease (one snip punctoplasty, ectropion
repair)
⢠Jones I and II (-)
â complete obstruction â determine site
www.indiandentalacademy.com
129. Abnormal Jones II Interpretation
⢠Reflux out same puncta
â canalicular obstruction
â CDCR w/ pyrex tube
⢠Reflux out opposite puncta without sac distension
â common canalicular obstruction
â CDCR w/ pyrex tube
⢠Reflux out opposite puncta with sac distension
â nasolacrimal duct obstruction
â DCR
www.indiandentalacademy.com
135. Acute Dacryocystitis
⢠Chronic tear stasis
leading to secondary
infection
⢠Treatment
â Oral/topical antibiotics
(Augmentin, Polytrim)
â IV Abxâs in severe cases
â I&D of any abscess
â DCR when acute
inflammation controlled
www.indiandentalacademy.com
136. Lacrimal Sac Tumors
⢠Usually present as a mass above the medial
canthal tendon
⢠Lymphadenopathy
⢠Blood reflux from puncta frequently present
⢠Histology
â 45% benign (squamous cell papillomas)
â 55% malignant (squamous and transitional cell
carcinomas)
www.indiandentalacademy.com
137. Lacrimal Sac Tumors - Treatment
⢠Dacryocystectomy (combined with lateral
rhinotomy, if malignant)
⢠Exenteration (incl. bone removal, if bone
involved)
⢠50% recurrence rate for malignant tumors
with 50% of those being fatal
⢠Radiation for lymphomas and as adjunctive
treatment for carcinomas
www.indiandentalacademy.com
139. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Perioperative considerations
â Stop all anticoagulants prior to surgery (i.e.,
coumadin, aspirin, NSAIDâs)
â MAC with local anesthesia, when possible
⢠general anesthesia causes increased bleeding due to
systemic vasodilation
⢠minimal discomfort if local administered properly
⢠quicker recovery
www.indiandentalacademy.com
140. Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Basic surgical steps:
⢠Incision into lacrimal sac
⢠Removal of bone between sac and nose
⢠Incision into nasal mucosa
⢠Anastamosis of lacrimal sac and nasal
mucosa
⢠Silicon intubation
www.indiandentalacademy.com