Digital photography /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

DIGITAL P
HOTOGR HY
AP
www.indiandentalacademy.com

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education


R
ECENT ADVANCES
IN DIAGNOSTIC AIDS


Dental photography
• Patient education
• Legal record for facial features before and after
dental treatment
• Excellent tool for teaching
• Excellent tool for communication


Digital photography
•
•
•
•
•
•

Basics of digital photography
Classification of digital cameras
Features to consider in digital cameras
Conventional versus digital photography
Common errors in clinical photography
Gold standard in clinical photography


B
asics of digital photography
• First used in 1981

• Commercially available since 1991(marketed
by auto trader).


Digital images

• Pixels – picture elements

green
red

blue


• Pixelation evident


• Resolution – no of pixels in the image.
• Increase in pixels – increases the detail of the
image.


Non f ilm cameras
IMAGE SENSORS
- CCD ( CHARGED COUPLED DEVICE)


Non f ilm cameras
- CMOS (complementary metal oxide
semiconductors)


HOW THEY WOR
K


K
NOW YOUR DIGITAL CAMER
A


Lens
Telephoto lens

Macro lens


Lens
• Rotatable


Shutter speed
• Shutter speed – the length of time the shutter
is open and light strikes the image sensor
• Bright lens and high shutter speed – ideal
• Higher shutter speed – grater the image quality
• Cameras should have a range of high and low
shutter speeds.


B
urst
• Sequential shooting
• Overcome shutter lag


White balance
• Used to keep color as natural as possible.
• Level of one color is more camera adjusts
automatically.


Exposure
• Amount of light required to take a photo.
• Too much light
• Less light.


Exposure compensation


Flash
• Adjustment for convenience
• Ring flash


Flash
Ring flash


Zoom
• Must in any digital camera
• Closer to the subject without moving
physically closer.


Focal length
• The distance between the rear nodal point of the lens and
the focal plane when focus is set at infinity.
• Nodal point – where the rays of light appear to have come
after passing through the lens.


• HOW MUCH THE CAMERA SEES ( ANGLE OF
VIEW OF THE LENS).


ZOOM
• OPTICAL ZOOM
• DIGITAL ZOOM


Optical zoom
• Zoom lens is lens determined so that its focal length
can be varied over a predetermined range.
• The image is optically modified so that it can show a
smaller o larger field of view.
• This allows to replace a no of single focal length
lenses.


• Does not change the resolution of the image or
the image size, the no of pixels used to
describe the image are same.


Digital zoom
• Digital cameras with a single focal length lens.
Offers possibility of mimicking a zoomed
image.


• No of pixels used to capture a image are the
same as original non zoomed image.


Dif f erence between optical and
digital zoom
• Optical zoom – bring object closer ( like a
telescope)
• Digital zoom is merely a cropping tool.


Conf usion
• for eg- 10 x optical zoom becomes 60 x if 6x
digital zoom is tacked on the focal length of
the lens.


• Smart zoom


Aperture settings
• AMOUNT OF LIGHT ENTERING THE CAMERA
AND HITTING THE SENSOR.


Depth of the f ield
• THE AREA AHEAD OF AND BEHIND THE AREA
IN FOCUS.


Digital cameras
CLASSIFICATION
• CONSUMER
• PROSUMER
• PROFESSIONAL


•
•
•
•
•

Inexpensive
Entry level
Mid range
High end
Professional.


P
rosumer
• Lies between consumer and professional
cameras.


• Features – macro lens


• Features – High quality image


• Features –Lcd with preview facility


Drawbacks

• FLASH – POINT FLASH.
- RING FLASH


Drawbacks
VIEW FINDERS – GALLILEAN TELESCOPE VIEW FINDER
- LCD


Drawbacks
FOCUSING SYSTEM – LACK OF IMAGE SHARPNESS


P essional cameras
rof
•
•
•
•

Expensive
High end features.
Ideal for intra oral photography.
Fuji fine pix f1 pro – perfect for orthodontic
purposes.


Features to be considered


• LCD


MAINS ADAPTOR


AUTO FOCUS AND P ECISION
R


• CCD RESOLUTION AND QUALITY
• CUR ( clinically useful resolution)


• FLASH CAPABILITY


Exposure parameters
• Lens opening

• Shutter speed( lens opening in fraction of a
second)


• SOFTWARE


• RESOLUTION


P
ractical considerations
• DOWNLOADING OF IMAGES


• REPRODUCTION
• STORAGE AND FILLING


• BATTERIES


ACCESSOR
IES
• MEMORY CARDS


•
•
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•

BAGS AND STRAPS
TRIPODS
CLEANING KIT
CARD READER


CONVENTIONAL VER
SUS
DIGITAL P
HOTOGR HY
AP


NON FILM CAMER
A


IMAGE STOR
AGE


NO R
ECUR ING COSTS
R


R
OOM FOR EXP IMENTATION
ER


FUNCTIONALITY IN A SMALL
P
ACK
AGE


LCD ELIMINATES GUESS WOR
K


DUR ILITY
AB


SCALAB
ILITY


SHAR
ING


DR
AWB
ACK
S
• HIGH INITIAL COST


• BATTERY LIFE


• NON STANDARDIZATION
• LEARNING CURVE
(Technophoia).


COMMON ER OR IN
R S
CLINICAL P
HOTOGR HY
AP


Two groups
• Inappropriate choice of equipment.
• Errors in recording medium and inappropriate
positioning of subjects


Camera
• Macro facility ( 1:1 images)


Camera
• Ring flash


Camera
• Orientation of camera
– Extra-oral ( portrait)
– Intra oral ( landscape)


Camera
• Lens setting


R
etractors
• Two set of double ended retractors


INTR OR SHOTS
A
AL


B
UCCAL SHOTS


OCCLUSSAL SHOTS


MIR OR
R S
• LONG HANDLED AND FRONT SILVERD GLASS
- IDEAL


R
EAR SILVER
ED VER
SUS
FR
ONT SILVER
ED GLASS


MIR OR
R S


AP TUR COMP
ER
E
ENSATION


TECHNICAL P OB
R LEMS
• DEPTH OF FIELD


• PROSUMER CAMERAS – APERTURE TO BE
REDUCED TO F 11.


• APPROX 1/3 IN FRONT AND 2/3 BEHIND THE
FOCAL POINT


P essional cameras
rof


Auto f ocus problems
• Auto focus versus manual focus


Intra oral


• FOCUSSING USING TTL FACILITY.
• 20 CM IS A GOOD DISTANCE.


Extra oral photography


SHADOW
• POINT FLASH


EXTR OR
A
AL


Extra- oral


Alternatives
• Rotating camera through 1800
• Illuminated backdrop screen
• Dark non reflective background preferably
velvet


INTR OR
A
AL


Overcoming shadows – 1800
turning


OCCLUSSAL


Solution- f ocus away f rom
patient


SYMMETR
ICAL IMAGES
• GRID LINES


CAR P OB
D R LEMS


CCD R LEMS
OB


DIGITAL IMAGE
• FIT FOR PURPOSE


P
OSITIONING ER OR
R S


Extra oral photographs
• Portrait


• Background


P OFILE AND THR QUAR
R
EE
TER
VIEWS


INTR OR P
A
AL HOTOGR HS
AP
• LANDSCAPE VIEW


• Change in cant of occlusal plane


• Inappropriate selection of cheek retractors.
• Saliva not aspirated


B
UCCAL VIEWS


MIR OR VIEWS
R
• OCCLUSSAL SHOTS


Just one more photograph


LCD


Standardizing dental photography
• Natural head position.
• Frontal views.
• The line from the outer canthus of eye to
superior attachment of ear from should be
parallel to Frankfort horizontal plane.
• The inter pupilary line should be parallel to
horizontal plane
• The distance from outer canthus of eye to the
hair line should be equal on both side


CAMER LENS AND P
A
OSITION
• Focal length of the lens should be the same
(100 or 105mm)


CAMER LENS AND P
A
OSITION
• Have consistent subject – camera distances
(use of tripod)


CAMER LENS AND P
A
OSITION
• Camera position is one in which a line from
middle of lens to eye is parallel to horizontal
plane


GOLD STANDAR IN
D
P
HOTOGR HY
AP

• Journal of orthodontics june 2002
- j sandler and a murray


• Survey carried out in angle society.
• Seventy questionnaires were used
• Following questions were asked.
– which intraoral and extraoral photographs they currently take?
– when during the treatment the photographs are taken?
– which staff member takes the photographs?
– what medium is used to record the images?


R
outine use of photography
96% take pre and post treatment photographs.


Intra oral photographs


mid treatment photographs


Who takes the photographs?


P
hotographic medium


Gold standard
• Nine pretreatment and nine post treatment
photographs are a must.
• mid treatment photographs at change of every
arch wire .
• Up to 36 photographs are considered a
reasonable number for full photographic
documentation of the case.


Need f or photographs
• Extra oral
full face view ( lips at rest )


• Extra oral
– full face view ( smiling)


• Extra oral
– three quarter view


• Extra oral
– profile view


• Intra oral
front intra oral view.
buccal intra oral shots.
upper and lower buccal shots.
overjet view ( optional ).


Orthodontics current principles
and techniques - GRABER AND VANARSDALL


Conclusion


Leader in continuing dental education


Digital photography /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

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