Bracket systems in orthodontics / online fixed orthodontics courses

GOOD MORNING
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ContentsContents
 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 HISTORYHISTORY
 EDGE WISE APPLIANCEEDGE WISE APPLIANCE
ANGLEANGLE
ALEXANDER PHILOSOPHYALEXANDER PHILOSOPHY
BIOPROGRESSIVE SYSTEMBIOPROGRESSIVE SYSTEM
 BEGGBEGG
 MODERN BEGGMODERN BEGG
CATCAT
FOUR STAGE APPLIANCEFOUR STAGE APPLIANCE
BEDDTIOTBEDDTIOT
 TIP EDGETIP EDGE
PEA
ANDREWS
ROTH
MBT
BUTTERFLY
•SELF LIGATING BRACKETS
•SYNERGY BRACKETS
•LINGUAL BRACKETS
•Esthetic brackets
•ZERO BASED APPLIANCE
•CONCLUSION
•BIMETRIC SYSTEM
•DUAL ENVIRONMENT BRACKET
•BIO -EFFICIENT APPLIANCE
•SPEED

IntroductionIntroduction
Early History
Even ancient people wanted straight teeth!
According to the AAO (American
Association of Orthodontists),
archaeologists have discovered mummified
ancients with crude metal bands wrapped
around individual teeth.
Bracket : Dr.Edward H.Angle in 1916.
Simple rigid L-shaped structure,one arm of
which is fixed to a vertical surface, and
other projecting horizontally to support a
weight, as a shelf.
Raymond C.Thurow defined bracket as an
orthodontic attachment secured to the
tooth for the purpose of engaging an arch
wire.

 While Greece was in its GoldenWhile Greece was in its Golden
Age, the Etruscans wereAge, the Etruscans were
burying their dead withburying their dead with
appliances that were used toappliances that were used to
maintain space and preventmaintain space and prevent
collapse of the dentition duringcollapse of the dentition during
life.life.
 At the time of Christ, AureliusAt the time of Christ, Aurelius
Cornelius Celsus first recordedCornelius Celsus first recorded
the treatment of teeth bythe treatment of teeth by
finger pressure.finger pressure.


   In 1728,. Fauchard used aIn 1728,. Fauchard used a
device called a "Bandeau," adevice called a "Bandeau," a
horseshoe-shaped piece ofhorseshoe-shaped piece of
precious metal which helpedprecious metal which helped
expand the archexpand the arch....

 In 1847 in New York DwinellIn 1847 in New York Dwinell
invented the regulating jackinvented the regulating jack
screw. It delivered ascrew. It delivered a
pushing force on the teeth,pushing force on the teeth,
which was later improved bywhich was later improved by
Dr.Edward Hartley angle toDr.Edward Hartley angle to
increase the range of action.increase the range of action.
During this time angleDuring this time angle
developed the regulatingdeveloped the regulating
retraction screw.retraction screw.
 In 1887, AngleIn 1887, Angle
developed the prototype ofdeveloped the prototype of
the first bracketthe first bracket
attachment (a delicate metalattachment (a delicate metal
tube soldered to the band).tube soldered to the band).

 consists of heavy arch wire – 4consists of heavy arch wire – 4
designsdesigns
 Basic E arch –Basic E arch –
 1. Used in mandible for bakers1. Used in mandible for bakers
anchorageanchorage
 2. E arch for expansion – by tying bas2. E arch for expansion – by tying bas
ligatures to the archligatures to the arch
 3.E arch with out threaded ends that3.E arch with out threaded ends that
fit into the molar sheaths withfit into the molar sheaths with
attatched ball for high pull headattatched ball for high pull head
gear in the incisor area.gear in the incisor area.
 4. E arch with hooks -4. E arch with hooks -
intermaxillary tractionintermaxillary traction
THE E-ARCH APPLIANCE (1907) :

PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE (1910) :PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE (1910) :
First used brackets
and bands.
Each band of the
tooth had a tube
paralleled to long
axis of the tooth
Pin were soldered
to the arch wire
and tube on bands
provided axial
control in all
directions .

RIBBON ARCH APPLIANCERIBBON ARCH APPLIANCE
(1915) :(1915) :
 Developed due to difficult in use of pin and tubeDeveloped due to difficult in use of pin and tube
appliance.appliance.
 It was actually the first Bracket, as such to beIt was actually the first Bracket, as such to be
sued in an orthodontic appliance.sued in an orthodontic appliance.
 It was characterized by Bracket with a verticalIt was characterized by Bracket with a vertical
slot and the arch wire was held in position byslot and the arch wire was held in position by
Brass pins.Brass pins.
 Teeth were free to move along the arch wire.Teeth were free to move along the arch wire.
 It had force control and degree of anchorage.It had force control and degree of anchorage.
Adv:Adv: 1.easy rotations.1.easy rotations.
2.Offers control of buccolingual and2.Offers control of buccolingual and
labio lingul movements.labio lingul movements.
Dis advDis adv::
 mesio distal axial movements difficult.mesio distal axial movements difficult.

PARTS OF SIMPLE STRAIGHTPARTS OF SIMPLE STRAIGHT
WIRE BRACKETWIRE BRACKET
 BASE:BASE: integral part of the bracket,helpsintegral part of the bracket,helps
to secure precisely on the tooth surface.Itto secure precisely on the tooth surface.It
can have welding tabs,solder,grooves orcan have welding tabs,solder,grooves or
bonding mesh,for the attachment.bonding mesh,for the attachment.
 BRACKET WIDTHBRACKET WIDTH: is one half the width: is one half the width
of the tooth.of the tooth.

 SLOT DIMENSIONSLOT DIMENSION :: is that part of the bracketis that part of the bracket
which receives the arch wire.which receives the arch wire.
standard edgewise: horizontallystandard edgewise: horizontally
Beggs bracket : verticallyBeggs bracket : vertically
It has 2 components:It has 2 components:
1)Height of slot =0.022 inch1)Height of slot =0.022 inch
2)depth=0.028 inch.2)depth=0.028 inch.
 ANGULATIONS:ANGULATIONS:
Angulated in 2 planesAngulated in 2 planes
1)Occlsogingival angulation which affets mesiodistal tipping.1)Occlsogingival angulation which affets mesiodistal tipping.
2)Buccolingual (buccolingual tipping).2)Buccolingual (buccolingual tipping).

This was one of the Angle final achievement
introduced 2yrs before he died.( 1928).
The term edge wise implies : the rectangular
wire insert into the narrowed or edge wise position
of the Bracket.
The new edge wise bracket consisted of
rectangular box with 3 walls within the bracket,
0.022 x 0.028 inch dimension slot opening
horizontally. This new design provided more
accuracy and then a more efficient torquing
mechanism.
THE EDGE WISE
APPLIANCE.

At the beginning the historical development of the
edge wise appliance has been outlined. The original
edge wise bracket as designed by Angle was made of
soft gold with a 0.022 x 0.028 inch slot
that was readily deformed by the forces of
occlusion and by tying ligature wires to the bracket.
The original edge wise bracket has been redesigned
in the cross section which is used today.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL
EDGE WISE BRACKET
SINGLE WIDTH BRACKET : The original edge wise
arch bracket was 0.050 inch wide and soldered to the gold
band material.
Arch wire was secured on the bottom of the bracket
slot.
Disadvantages :
Because of narrow width, ineffective tooth rotation.
To overcome this Angle soldered gold eyelets at an
appropriate position on the orthodontic bands, ligature wire
was tied from the eyelet to the arch wire. Rotation was
observed due to deflections of the arch wire.

TWIN BRACKETS :
“Siamese twin brackets” by brainerd swain.
The next step in the development of the
present day edge wise bracket began with the use
of the two brackets on a single tooth.
This was done by joining together of the two
edge wise brackets on a common base.
The space between two brackets was 0.050
inch equal to the width of one of the brackets.
used on upper central incisors and on molar
teeth.
. www.indiandentalacademy.com

Basically there are four sizes of twin brackets.
Extra wide Standard Intermediate Junior

Another early development was the evolution of a solid
bracket that was approximately twice as size as the
original edge wise bracket called a posterior bracket. It
was approximately 0.100 inch wide and although
designed to be used on molar teeth, it has gained
popularity for use on practically all teeth.
Curved Base Twin Bracket :
These brackets confirm to the buccal surfaces of the
canines and premolars.

Advantages :
Maintain control of axial tooth inclinations.
“Positive control” – to retain corrected rotations
Ability to effect most of the tooth rotation without
the use of auxiliary eye let ties.
Disadvantages :
Inter bracket distance is decreased
Resiliency in the arch wire is increased
Difficulty in employing closing loop arch wires and
second order bends.

LEWIS BRACKET :
During the development of twin brackets,
another approach to the problem of efficient
tooth rotation was developed by Dr.Paul D. Lewis
who soldered auxiliary rotation arms that abutted
to the bracket itself and then offered a lever
arm to deflect the arch wire ad rotate the
teeth.
The present Lewis rotation bracket is a one
piece bracket with integral rotation wings.

Advantages :
One decided advantage is 100% tooth rotation can be easily
obtained and over correction of rotations. This can be
accomplished by bending one wing closer to the tooth and the
apposite wing farther away.
They do not interfere with the activation of closing loops,
second order bends and other arch wire fabrication.
The Lewis bracket is rigid and utilizes the same principle of
tooth rotation as do twin brackets.
Disadvantages :
Less control of axial inclination of tooth than to do twin
brackets.

Anti Tip Lewis Bracket :
Incorporated notches / slats in the ends of
wings of brackets.
Can be easily tied and is quicker.
Deflection of the arch wire is quick
effecting rotation of the tooth.
Vertical Slot Lewis Bracket :
incorporation of 0.020 x 0.020 inch vertical
slot.
Possible to use uprighting springs to correct
axial inclination
Curved Base Lewis Bracket :
This involved the curving of the base and
wings of the bracket to conform to the canine
and premolar teeth.
It allows greater contact with the band or
bonding pad. www.indiandentalacademy.com

STEINER BRACKET :
Designed by Cecil Steiner.
These bracket did not depend on the resiliency of
the arch wires for tooth rotation due to their inbuilt
flexible rotational arms.
Steiner bracket utilizes a single width edge wise
bracket.
It is easy to tie and is quite efficient for tooth
rotation. It works satisfactorily as long as the
flexible arms do not undergo permanent deformation

BROUSSARD BRACKET :
Another modification of the edge wise has been the
addition of 0.0185 x 0046 inch vertical slot to
accept a doubled 0.018 inch auxillary wire.
Designed by Garford Broussard.
Other Bracket Modification :
Burstone has modified the canine bracket by adding
a vertical tube for the insertion of retraction
assemblies.
Burstone also designed a second premolar bracket
with an auxiliary tube.

Alexander PrincipleAlexander Principle
Given byGiven by Dr.Wick AlexanderDr.Wick Alexander in 1978.in 1978.
It is also called asIt is also called as Vari-Simplex disciplineVari-Simplex discipline ..
VariVari – refers to variety of bracket types.– refers to variety of bracket types.
SimplexSimplex – Kiss principle (Keep it simple sir)– Kiss principle (Keep it simple sir)
As archwires are simple, because first, 2nd, 3rd orderAs archwires are simple, because first, 2nd, 3rd order
effects are incorporated into the bracket.effects are incorporated into the bracket.
Hooks are not soldered to wire. Bracket hooks are used.Hooks are not soldered to wire. Bracket hooks are used.
Multiloop arch forms are rarely used.Multiloop arch forms are rarely used.
DisciplineDiscipline was chosen rather than appliance to reflect thatwas chosen rather than appliance to reflect that
idea that the orthodontist must be knowledgable inidea that the orthodontist must be knowledgable in
edgewise appliance and must play a active role inedgewise appliance and must play a active role in
application of appliance to the individual patient in orderapplication of appliance to the individual patient in order
that the treatment be successful.that the treatment be successful.

Vari-Simplex Discipline contains several
unique concepts. Prior to its introduction, no
straight wire system used different brackets
on the same case.
A combination of twin, lang, lewis brackets
is used according to which type is most
effective for a particular type of tooth.

Appliance Design :Appliance Design :
The most important factors in determining theThe most important factors in determining the
design of vari simplex appliance are the ;design of vari simplex appliance are the ;
(1) size and shape of teeth especially mesiodistal(1) size and shape of teeth especially mesiodistal
width and curvature which influencewidth and curvature which influence
interbracket width which inturn affects theinterbracket width which inturn affects the
ability to rotate the tooth and level the archability to rotate the tooth and level the arch
without using multiloops or additional archwithout using multiloops or additional arch
wires.wires.
(2) Other major factor – is the accessibility of(2) Other major factor – is the accessibility of
tooth and whether it is located in a curved ortooth and whether it is located in a curved or
straight area of the arch.straight area of the arch.
 ““Vari simplex system is designed for 0.018Vari simplex system is designed for 0.018
bracket slots and .017 wire”.bracket slots and .017 wire”.www.indiandentalacademy.com

Bracket Types :
Twin brackets : Used on large, flat
surface teeth maximum central incisor
and lateral incisor.
Mini-Diamond twin brackets are
preferred as they are rhomboidal which
aids in accurate bracket placement and
increases interbracket span.
Lateral incisor twin brackets have
additional tie wings for easy engagement
of wire where canines are placed high
.
Lateral incisor brackets have permanent
hooks attachment to accommodate Class
II elastics.

Lang Brackets
Were invented by Dr.Howard Lang,
They are used on round surfaced teeth at the
corners of the mouth i.e. on Maxilary and Mandibular
cuspids.
It is diamond form, single bracket with flat rotational
wings containing a circular hole. This aperture
increases flexibility of wing and can be used for
ligation.
Single bracket increases interbracket width, so better
rotational control. www.indiandentalacademy.com

Lewis Bracket : Are selected for large round surface
teeth that are not at curve of arch, and also for small flat
surface teeth i.e. premolar, mandibular incisor. It is fixed
wing single bracket with built in lateral curvature of rotation
wings. This intends to provide 3 point contact on the wire,
and they are wedge shaped.

•A twin bracket with a convertible sheath is used on each
maxillary and mandibular first molar.
• The convertible sheath is easily removed when second
molars are handed converting the attachment to twin
bracket.
•Headgear tubes are placed occlusally.
• 15o distal offset is built into upper straight molar tube
and 5o to lower first molar tube. Ball hooks are attached
to upper and lower brackets.

Tip values and torque values in Alexander philosophy.

Bracket Positioning :
Bicuspid bracket height is the key to positioning all
the brackets.
Bracket Height :
Maxillary Mandibular
CI X X -= 0.5
LI X - 0.5 X – 0.5
C X + 0.5 X + 0.5
1PM X X
2PM X X
1 M X – 0.5 X – 0.5

BIO-PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMBIO-PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM
 developed by Robert.M. Ricketts indeveloped by Robert.M. Ricketts in
1950.1950.
 development of bioprogressive set ups –development of bioprogressive set ups –
3 phases3 phases
 standard bioprogressive – 1950standard bioprogressive – 1950
 Full torque bioprogressive – 1960Full torque bioprogressive – 1960
 Triple control bioprogressiveTriple control bioprogressive

Bioprogressive therapyBioprogressive therapy
Standard bioprogressive therapy
Brackets were
angulated on
bands .
On all
canines
lateral incisor
lower molars
Torque - 220
- CI
140
- LI
70
- c
Acc to jarabak
and holdaway

Fully Torque Bioprogressive
Incorporated 120
rotation to lower
molar.
220
of torque on
lower second
premolar and
lower molar – for
anchorage.

Triple control Bioprogressive
Raised bracket
on canine and
premolar of both
arches
150
rotation
triple tube-
upper molar
Convertible
lower first molar
tubes with 120
rotation 220
torque.
Second molar
tube with 320
torque and 120
rotationwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Begg BracketBegg Bracket
 Introduced byIntroduced by Precival Raymond Begg.Precival Raymond Begg.
 In 1933 , about 3 yrs after switching fromIn 1933 , about 3 yrs after switching from
rectangular to roUnd wires he began usingrectangular to roUnd wires he began using
stainless steel ribbon arch brackets withstainless steel ribbon arch brackets with
slots gingivally rather than ooclusally.Henceslots gingivally rather than ooclusally.Hence
The Begg bracket was the modified ribbonThe Begg bracket was the modified ribbon
arch bracket .arch bracket .
 In 1956 he introduced the concept ofIn 1956 he introduced the concept of
differential force system.differential force system.

MODIFIED RIBBON ARCH BRACKET (1960)
Slot dimensions 0.020x0.045inch to accept both 0.020 inch
arch wire and when required a 0.016 inch torquing auxillary can
be inserted.
BRACKET PLACEMENT
Brackets are centered mesiodistally on the labial or buccal
surface of the teeth with the base of the arch wire slot 4mm
fron the incisal edges or cusp tips
The only exception to this vertical placement is the maxillary
lateral incisors- 3.5mm

Modernized BeggModernized Begg –Combination–Combination
TechniqueTechnique
 William J. Thompson –JUNE 1981William J. Thompson –JUNE 1981
 combination of begg and egdewisecombination of begg and egdewise
 The rationale was to develop treatmentThe rationale was to develop treatment
mechanics that uses the advantages of bothmechanics that uses the advantages of both
BEGG and STRAIGHT WIRE at the sameBEGG and STRAIGHT WIRE at the same
time minimizing the disadvantageous.time minimizing the disadvantageous.

Modernized BeggModernized Begg
 Favourable characteristics of Begg-Favourable characteristics of Begg-
1.1. Rapid bite opening.Rapid bite opening.
2.2. Rapid ant. Alignment.Rapid ant. Alignment.
3.3. En mass anterior retraction.En mass anterior retraction.
4.4. Good anchor control.Good anchor control.
5.5. Ant. Root torque is unlimited.Ant. Root torque is unlimited.
6.6. Predictable molar and incisor positions.Predictable molar and incisor positions.

 Unfavourable characteristics-Unfavourable characteristics-
1.1. Post. root torque is difficult.Post. root torque is difficult.
2.2. Three dimensional arch coordination isThree dimensional arch coordination is
difficult.difficult.
3.3. Maintaining rotations is difficultMaintaining rotations is difficult
4.4. Maintaining uprighting and torque is difficult.Maintaining uprighting and torque is difficult.

 Favourable characteristics of SWA-Favourable characteristics of SWA-
1.1. Precision arch coordination is routine.Precision arch coordination is routine.
2.2. Precision intercuspation is routine.Precision intercuspation is routine.
3.3. Buccolingual root torque is routine.Buccolingual root torque is routine.
4.4. Simplified finishing wires are routine .Simplified finishing wires are routine .
5.5. Minimal wire adjustments in finishing.Minimal wire adjustments in finishing.

 Unfavourable characteristicsUnfavourable characteristics ––
1.1. Rigid appliance due to interbracket distance.Rigid appliance due to interbracket distance.
2.2. More friction with sliding mechanics.More friction with sliding mechanics.
3.3. Additional supportive anchorageAdditional supportive anchorage
recommended.recommended.
4.4. Prolonged bite opening mechanics.Prolonged bite opening mechanics.

Four Stage BracketFour Stage Bracket
Each stage of treatment incorporates
unique anchorage chacteristics, appliance
design, and varying force levels.
Treatment mechanism divided into 4
stages:first 3 by light wire and last
stage by straight wire.
Begg procedures should be carried out
throughout Stage I and II and at least
partly through Stage III
The combination bracket is not a
substitute for Stage IIIwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Four Stage BracketFour Stage Bracket
•Second molars should not be
incorporated initially.
•In late Stage III or Stage IV,
sectional wires to level the
second molars can be placed

Combination AnchorageCombination Anchorage
TechniqueTechnique
 It is introduced byIt is introduced by William J. ThompsonWilliam J. Thompson in 1981.in 1981.
 The concept of the appliance was to use a light wireThe concept of the appliance was to use a light wire
appliance system to establish the early organization ofappliance system to establish the early organization of
malocclusion and then to finish the treatment with amalocclusion and then to finish the treatment with a
more rigid and precise straight wire appliance.more rigid and precise straight wire appliance.
 With combinationWith combination light wire mechanicslight wire mechanics it is possible toit is possible to
use light wire mechanics at their optimum foruse light wire mechanics at their optimum for rapidrapid
anterior alignment, maximum retraction of anteriorsanterior alignment, maximum retraction of anteriors
and good bite opening.and good bite opening.

At the desired point in treatment, the anchorage
resistance can be altered by changing slots, wire size
and friction to produce maximum edgewise control .
The CAT bracket has a 0.022 x 0.035 inch gingival or
ribbon arch slot for light for tipping movement and
0.018 x 0.025 inch or 0.022 x 0.025 edgewise slot
to facilitate 3 dimension movements with inbuilt tip,
torque and compensation. An enclosed vertical slot to
incorporate uprighting and rotating springs.

BeddtiotBeddtiot
Begg edgewise diagnosis determined totallyBegg edgewise diagnosis determined totally
individualized orthodontic technique.individualized orthodontic technique.
 By HocevarBy Hocevar
 This system uses narrow , single width , with 0.022x0.028This system uses narrow , single width , with 0.022x0.028
inch edge wise arch wire slot and 0.020x0.020 vertical slotinch edge wise arch wire slot and 0.020x0.020 vertical slot
for various auxillaries.for various auxillaries.
 5 brackets – different torque values5 brackets – different torque values
 0, 5,10,15,20 degrees0, 5,10,15,20 degrees
buccal tubes are conventional with 4.5mm long, 0.022x0.028buccal tubes are conventional with 4.5mm long, 0.022x0.028
inch torqued edge wire tubeinch torqued edge wire tube

Bracket Prescription Chart :
Maxillary canine torque has been reduced to
0o
to produce less promise of the canine roots on
the lateral plane.
Torque on lower premolar has been
changed from -17o
on the first premolar and -20o
on the 2nd premolar to a standard of 19o
for both.
This change reduces the inventors requirement
and does not effect precise tooth positioning or
intracuspation.
Bracket Placement :
Molar : 3.5 mm
Premolar: 3.5 mm
Canine : 4 mm
Lateral : 3 mm
Central : 3.5 mm

Tip-Edge bracket
Tip- edge bracket was invented by
Dr.Peter Kesling .
Introduced differential tooth
movement in edgewise based bracket
system.
As, its name suggests Tip Edge
combines initial degree of tooth tipping
,which greatly facilitates tooth
movement prior to edge wise precision
finishing.

Characteristics of Tip EdgeCharacteristics of Tip Edge
bracket.bracket.
By removing theBy removing the
predetermined ,diagonallypredetermined ,diagonally
apposed corners from theapposed corners from the
conventional edgewise slot, tipconventional edgewise slot, tip
edge bracket is created.edge bracket is created.
A vertical slot is incorporatedA vertical slot is incorporated
lingual to main arch wire tolingual to main arch wire to
accommodate auxiliariesaccommodate auxiliaries
The shape of this slot is alsoThe shape of this slot is also
known as propeller slotknown as propeller slot

The cut out surfaces of the
arch wire slot forms the tip
limiting surfaces which
restrict the degree of the
tipping.
The point at which tip
limiting surface and intact
surfaces meet constitutes a
central ridge provide vertical
control and also torque
Control
The amount of tipping is
dependent on the angulations
of cut portion of tip limiting
surface. www.indiandentalacademy.com

Anterior tip edge brackets are
designed to allow distal crown
tipping during translation in the
first stage of treatment.
Tip Edge employs double buccal
tubes. .022x.028 rectangular tubes
with convertible tubes.

side winders are used for uprighting of the roots,
and simultaneously help in expressing the in built
torque.

The finishing prescription contained within the Rx-1 bracket is
identical to today's straight wire systems with tip in face and torque
in base. These values were comparable with ROTH values.

Tip Edge Plus
Modified version of Rx
– 1 tip edge bracket.
It has an additional
horizontal slot on the
lingual surface of the
bracket .
It carries HANT
auxiliary arch wire to
achieve up righting root
movements instead of
side winders.
Advantages- spring
free stage iii, oral
hygiene, patient
comfort.

Bioefficient therapy -Bioefficient therapy -
VaizisVaizis
Is system was mainly designed to shorten the time consumedIs system was mainly designed to shorten the time consumed
for initial leveling.for initial leveling.
Bracket designBracket design ––
It is a multipurpose single bracket to increase the flexibilityIt is a multipurpose single bracket to increase the flexibility
of wire and also control the rotations .of wire and also control the rotations .
ITS capabilities are -ITS capabilities are -
 Triangular in shape- confirms the crown anatomy andTriangular in shape- confirms the crown anatomy and
gingival contour.gingival contour.
 Low profile of bracket allows easy engagement of archLow profile of bracket allows easy engagement of arch
wire.wire.

 Side elbows and wings of the bracket allows easySide elbows and wings of the bracket allows easy
engagement of Elastomeric modules.engagement of Elastomeric modules.
 Minimum friction due to increased interbracketMinimum friction due to increased interbracket
span, increased flexibilty of wire.span, increased flexibilty of wire.
 Ease of bracket placementEase of bracket placement
 Tip control - is due to narrow and elongatedTip control - is due to narrow and elongated
configuration of bracketconfiguration of bracket
 Rotational controlRotational control
 Vertical slot for auxillariesVertical slot for auxillaries

Bimetric applianceBimetric appliance
 The bimetric system of the edge wise mechanism is a tecniqueThe bimetric system of the edge wise mechanism is a tecnique
which uses bracket slots of two different sizes in the samewhich uses bracket slots of two different sizes in the same
mouthmouth
 Introduced by Schudy f.f and Schudy g.f in 1975Introduced by Schudy f.f and Schudy g.f in 1975
 It uses 0.016 inch brackets on upper lower incisors and caninesIt uses 0.016 inch brackets on upper lower incisors and canines
 0.022 inch brackets on upper lower premolars and first molars.0.022 inch brackets on upper lower premolars and first molars.
 When an 0.016 x 0.022 inch wire is used an 90° twist is madeWhen an 0.016 x 0.022 inch wire is used an 90° twist is made
to canine the wire will fit all the brackets. Thus in anteriorto canine the wire will fit all the brackets. Thus in anterior
section the treatment wire is edge wise and in posterior sectionsection the treatment wire is edge wise and in posterior section
it is ribbon archit is ribbon arch
 Use of 0.022 inch dimension of the wire both horizontally andUse of 0.022 inch dimension of the wire both horizontally and
vertically depending on the need in different faces ofvertically depending on the need in different faces of
treatment necessitates.treatment necessitates.

The rationale for these changes -
To best control the correct movement of anterior
teeth by placing the 0.016 inch wire vertically in
anterior portion ,it gives resilient , gentle, effective
torquing force.
When the wire is twisted 90°distal to canine the
0.022 dimension is placed vertically so, that the
maximum strength of the wire is utilized.

The Level Anchorage SystemThe Level Anchorage System
- Terrel- Terrel
L.RootL.Root
Its consists of banded and bonded edge wise appliance withIts consists of banded and bonded edge wise appliance with
built in torque, tip and offset and a treatment planning chartbuilt in torque, tip and offset and a treatment planning chart
with a step by step procedure.with a step by step procedure.
CHARLES TWEED-CHARLES TWEED- ANCHORAGE PREPARATIONANCHORAGE PREPARATION
ANDREWSANDREWS – STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE– STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCE
LEVEL ANCHORGE SYSTEM-LEVEL ANCHORGE SYSTEM- combination of anchoragecombination of anchorage
preparation and straight wire appliance.preparation and straight wire appliance.
Bracket type-Bracket type- utilizes twin brackets for upper central incisorsutilizes twin brackets for upper central incisors
and single lewis bracket for other teeth.and single lewis bracket for other teeth.

LEVEL ANCHORAGE PRE-ADJUSTMENTS

Speed system - Dr. HansonSpeed system - Dr. Hanson
The acronym speed is derived from the descriptiveThe acronym speed is derived from the descriptive
termsterms Spring loaded, Edgewise, Energy andSpring loaded, Edgewise, Energy and
Delivery system.Delivery system.
The main components of the appliance are multiThe main components of the appliance are multi
slotted bracket body,a spring clip, specially shapedslotted bracket body,a spring clip, specially shaped
foil meshed bonding bases.foil meshed bonding bases.
The SPEED appliance has been designed for precise
rational control in 3 axis
• occlusogingival axis
• Labiolingual axis
• Mesio distal axis

The Bracket Body- consists ofThe Bracket Body- consists of
4 slots,4 slots,
0.018x0.025 inch horizontal0.018x0.025 inch horizontal
arch wire slot which opensarch wire slot which opens
labially.labially.
0.017x0.017 inch horizontal0.017x0.017 inch horizontal
opens lingually.opens lingually.
A vertical spring slot opensA vertical spring slot opens
linguallylingually
A short and narrow angledA short and narrow angled
access slotaccess slot
TheThe highly resilient spring cliphighly resilient spring clip isis
made of stainless steel strip .Eachmade of stainless steel strip .Each
has a short labial arm joining ahas a short labial arm joining a
longer lingual arm by a occlusallonger lingual arm by a occlusal
curved portion.curved portion.

Andrews- SWAAndrews- SWA
SWA is given by Andrews in 1972.SWA is given by Andrews in 1972.
This is the fully programmed appliance as it represents aThis is the fully programmed appliance as it represents a
true pre-adjusted edgewise appliance.true pre-adjusted edgewise appliance.
edge wise appliance - three catogoriesedge wise appliance - three catogories
non programmed appliancenon programmed appliance
partially programmed appliancepartially programmed appliance
fully programmed appliancefully programmed appliance

Non programmed appliance - A set of brackets
designed the same for all tooth types, relying totally
on wire bending to achieve the optimal tooth
position
Had shortcommings like
• perpendicular bases
• bases not contoured occusogingivally and
• mesiodistally
• Slot not angulated
• stems of equal prominence

Fully programmed appliance: A set of
brackets designed to guide the teeth directly to
their goal positions with unbent arch wires.
design features of the bracket
slot siting features
convenience features
auxiliary features
.

slot siting features-slot siting features-
MID TRANSVERSEMID TRANSVERSE
PLANEPLANE --
1 Mid transverse plane of slot1 Mid transverse plane of slot
,stem and crown must be,stem and crown must be
same.same.
2 The base of the bracket2 The base of the bracket
should have sameshould have same
inclination has facialinclination has facial
plane crown.plane crown.
3 Inclined base contoured3 Inclined base contoured
occlusogingivallyocclusogingivally

IN MID SAGITTAL PLANE-
4) midsagital plane of slot, stem and crown is same
5) the plane of bracket base is same as that of facial
axis point on crown. Maxillary molars – 1000
on all other crown – 900
6) base of the bracket is contoured mesiodistally

7) Vertical components of the bracket should be7) Vertical components of the bracket should be
parallelparallel
( mesial and distal borders of stem and tie wings)( mesial and distal borders of stem and tie wings)
and straddle to crown FACC.and straddle to crown FACC.
horizontal components to be parallel( superior andhorizontal components to be parallel( superior and
inferior edges of the bracket) should beinferior edges of the bracket) should be
equidistant from gingival margin and crown tip –equidistant from gingival margin and crown tip –
FA point.FA point.

MID FRONTAL PLANE
8) with in the arch all slot points must have the
same distance between them and embrasure line.

 Convenience featuresConvenience features
––
9)9) Assymetrical tie wings to aidAssymetrical tie wings to aid
in ligation and preventin ligation and prevent
gingival impingement ongingival impingement on
posterior teeth.posterior teeth.
10) Inclined bases prevent10) Inclined bases prevent
occlusal interferences.occlusal interferences.
11) The face of the bracket is11) The face of the bracket is
contoured same as theircontoured same as their
bases for lip comfort.bases for lip comfort.

Auxillary features-
power arms
face bow tubes
utility tubes
Rotation wings

 In 1976 Roth published a report entitledIn 1976 Roth published a report entitled
“ five year clinical evaluation of the“ five year clinical evaluation of the
Andrews SWA “Andrews SWA “
 Discussed the disadvantages of SWA .Discussed the disadvantages of SWA .
 Reasons for modification.Reasons for modification.
InventoryInventory
Anchorage controlAnchorage control
overcorrectionovercorrection - to finish a case to an end- to finish a case to an end
of appliance therapy in which all toothof appliance therapy in which all tooth
positions are slightly overcorrectedpositions are slightly overcorrected
Roth bracket system (1987)Roth bracket system (1987)

Roth recommended single bracket system ,consisting
of primarily of minimum extraction series .

 Bracket Height :Bracket Height :
MaxillaryMaxillary MandibularMandibular
CentralCentral 3.53.5 3.53.5
LateralLateral 3.53.5 3.53.5
CanineCanine 4.04.0 4.04.0
11stst
PremolarPremolar 3.53.5 3.53.5
22ndnd
PremolarPremolar 3.53.5 3.53.5
11stst
MolarMolar 3.03.0 3.03.0
22ndnd
MolarMolar 2.52.5 3.03.0

MBT systemMBT system
 Third generation of preadjusted applianceThird generation of preadjusted appliance
Evolution of MBT –Evolution of MBT –
McLaughlin and Bennet 1975 and 1993-McLaughlin and Bennet 1975 and 1993-
Standard
SWA
bracket
Oviod
arch form
Brackets
positioned
at the centre
of clinical
crowns
Light force
levels and
sliding
mechanics

Mc Laughlin, Bennet , and Trevesi 1993-1997
new range
of MBT
brackets
ovoid arch
form
brackets
positioned
with guage
Light force
levels and
sliding
mechanics

1997 and 20011997 and 2001
New range
of MBT
brackets
Oviod,
square ,
tapered arch
forms
Brackets
positioned
with guage
Updated light
force levels
and sliding
mechanics

MBTMBT
Basic features of brackets ofBasic features of brackets of
modern bracket system-modern bracket system-
1)1) Range of brackets –Range of brackets –
standardstandard
mid sizemid size
estheticesthetic
2)2) Rhomboidal shapeRhomboidal shape
3)3)Torque in baseTorque in base
4)4)Expression of tip-Expression of tip-
19 x 25 wire in 0.022 slot19 x 25 wire in 0.022 slot
almost express its tip asalmost express its tip as
clearance is less than 1clearance is less than 10.0.
TT

6)Expression of torque-
Torque is inefficiently expressed by PEA appliance due to
.twist effect of small wire when compared to the bulk of the teeth
.amount of play with 19x 25 wire express torque of 100
Because of inefficiency of PEA in delivering torque,extra torque was built
into the appliance in order to meet required goal.

DUAL ENVIRONMENT
BRACKETS
Introduced by George F. Schudy in 1990.
This edge wise bracket would offer a
maximum range of action of wires, yet still
permit précise control with small edge wise
wires and require minimum change in the
techniques.
Bracket Proper
Outer slot
Inner slot
Larger outer slot for maximum arch wire
flexibility in the initial phase.
Smaller inner slot that accepts
small rectangular wires for maximum
control later in treatment.
The outer slot measures 0.040 inch
for twin bracket and 0.030 inch for single
bracket. The inner slot can be 0.016 or
0.018 inch www.indiandentalacademy.com

. Advantages :
The flexibility of the outer slot in some cases allows
the sue of a full size 0.016 x 0.022 inch initial arch
wire, even with a great deal of irregularity.
The inner slot is used after rotations have been
partially corrected and vertical alignment has been
accomplished.
Later in the treatment the same full size arch wire
can then be seated in the smaller slot.
This bracket system allows the teeth to adjust
comfortably during the initial phase of treatment,
therefore patients experience little discomfort when
the arch wire is seated in the inner precision slot
after two to four weeks.

Butterfly bracketsButterfly brackets
Given byGiven by Dr. Bowman and Dr.Dr. Bowman and Dr.
CaranoCarano
 The Butterfly system has severalThe Butterfly system has several
unique features designed tounique features designed to
improve upon existing PEAimprove upon existing PEA
appliance concepts in responseappliance concepts in response
to the finding of ABOto the finding of ABO
 The Butterfly system is basedThe Butterfly system is based
on a new low profile, miniatureon a new low profile, miniature
twin wing design and roundedtwin wing design and rounded
tie wings, elimination of hooks .tie wings, elimination of hooks .

It has seven unique features-It has seven unique features-
1) versatile vertical slot1) versatile vertical slot
2) progressive posterior torque2) progressive posterior torque
3) reversible second premolar3) reversible second premolar
brackets- +3brackets- +3oo
tip to achievetip to achieve
good intercuspation.good intercuspation.
in extraction cases -these bracketsin extraction cases -these brackets
are reversed to get better rootare reversed to get better root
parallelism( -3parallelism( -3oo
))

4) progressive mandibular anterior
tip
5) angulated first molar
attatchments -60
tip
6) mandibular anterior torque -
available at - 50
and -100
7) conservative anterior torque- 00
torque for upper canine and -30
for
lower canine
in deep bite cases it can be
inverted to get +30
to move crowns
labially back

Zero Based Orthodontic ApplianeZero Based Orthodontic Appliane
SystemSystem
 This system allows the orthodontic community to enhance the quality ofThis system allows the orthodontic community to enhance the quality of
treatment results .treatment results .
 The key is to move away from a universal appliance that isThe key is to move away from a universal appliance that is
applied to all the patients toward an indivisualized applianceapplied to all the patients toward an indivisualized appliance
that fits the specific needs of each patientthat fits the specific needs of each patient..
 3M Unitek has developed Zero Based Orthodontic Appliance System to3M Unitek has developed Zero Based Orthodontic Appliance System to
provide pts specific prescription that takes advantages of 3M unitek victoryprovide pts specific prescription that takes advantages of 3M unitek victory
series and APC system.series and APC system.

Self LigatingSelf Ligating
BracketsBrackets
Self ligating brackets are ligatureless bracket system that have mechanical deviceSelf ligating brackets are ligatureless bracket system that have mechanical device
built into the bracket to close off the edgewise slot .built into the bracket to close off the edgewise slot .
 first self ligating bracket -first self ligating bracket -Russel lockRussel lock..
 low frictional resistance.low frictional resistance.
 They are 2 types –They are 2 types –
 1) Active-spring clip1) Active-spring clip
 2) passive2) passive

The Ultradent company -a tooth-colored self-
ligating bracket which is made of a
polycrystalline with a high glass fiber portion.
The Opal Bracket. This bracket has a built-in
hinged door which fits over the arch wire.
Brackets Metálicos TIME - Self Ligating System-
available in 0.018 and 0.022 Roth prescription.
ADENTA - New self ligating lingual bracket

Washington State orthodontist Dwight
Damon, use a 'sliding door' technique in
the Damon bracket.
Damon bracket, Damon 3, which is part
ceramic (clear or tooth-colored) and part
metal.
The 3M Company -self-ligating passive bracket
called SmartClips,, SmartClips brackets do not
have a "sliding door" or separate clip. The arch
wire is held in place with a specially designed clip
built into the bracket.
In-Ovation is made by the GAC
company. It is a twin bracket made
entirely of metal, and utilizes a special
clip built-in clip.

Synergy bracketsSynergy brackets
Is the bracket which has
friction contol due to the
morphology of the slot.
Low friction during
alignment.
Superelsatic wires
combined with synergy
bracket - dynamic
synergistic effect.

LINGUALLY BONDABLE BRACKET SYSTEM
Introduced by Dr.Craven Kurz in 1970’s
As the straight wire appliance was developed,
treatment demands had increased and adults were
seeking treatment in greater numbers. This
increasing demand for adult treatment brought unique
concern to the profession.
Esthetics was then and continues to be a primary
concern of patients. On esthetic grounds the
demand for an appliance that did not show, the
concept of lingually bondable appliance was born.

From Generation #1 to Generation #7
Generation #1 – 1976
This appliance had a flat maxillary occlusal bite plane from
canine to canine. The lower incisor and premolar brackets were low
profile and half-round, and there were no hooks on any brackets.

Generation #2 – 1980 :
Hooks were added to all canine brackets.

Hooks were added to all
anterior premolar brackets. The first
molar had a bracket with an internal
hook. The second molar had a
terminal sheath without a hook but has
a terminal recess for elastic traction.
This generation saw the
addition of a low profile anterior
inclined plane on the central and
lateral incisor brackets. Hooks were
optional, based upon individual
treatment needs and hygiene
concerns.

Generation #5 – 1985-86
The anterior inclined plane became more pronounced, with an
increase in labial torque in the maxillary anterior region. The canine
also had an inclined plane; however, it was bibeveled to allow
intercuspation of the maxillary cusp with the embrasure between the
mandibular canine and the first premolar. Hooks were optional. A
transpalatal bar attachment was now available for the first molar
bracket.

Generation #6 – 1987-90
The inclined plane on the maxillary anteriors become more
square in shape. Hooks on the anteriors and premolars were
elongated. Hooks were now available for all the brackets. The
transpalatal bar attachment for the first molar band was optional.

Generation #7 – 1990 to Present :
Maxillary anterior inclined plane is now heart shaped with
short hooks
The lower anterior brackets have larger inclined plane with
short hooks
The premolar brackets were widened mesiodistally and
hooks were shortened

Lingual BeggsLingual Beggs
--STEPHEN F. PAIGESTEPHEN F. PAIGE
 Unipoint combinationUnipoint combination
bracket (Unitek), with thebracket (Unitek), with the
slot oriented in the occlusal-slot oriented in the occlusal-
incisal directionincisal direction
 gingival "wing" to placegingival "wing" to place
elastic moduleselastic modules
 vertical slots for archvertical slots for arch
auxiliariesauxiliaries
 Molar Tube DesignMolar Tube Design ovaloval
tube with a mesiogingivaltube with a mesiogingival
hookhook

 buccolingual distance minimalbuccolingual distance minimal
would also have advantages,would also have advantages,
since a small buccolingualsince a small buccolingual
dimension will increasedimension will increase
interbracket distance.interbracket distance.

 safety-hold uprightingsafety-hold uprighting
springspring
 a torqued ribbon archa torqued ribbon arch
 Beta titanium, stainlessBeta titanium, stainless
steel, and Elgiloysteel, and Elgiloy
rectangular wire may alsorectangular wire may also
be very useful for thisbe very useful for this
purposepurpose
 torquing auxiliarytorquing auxiliary

Lingual straight wire (LSW)Lingual straight wire (LSW)
Given by KYOTO TAKEMOTO and GIUSEPPE
SCUZZO.
The lingual orthodontic technique of Fujita uses
a mushroom archform because of the morphology
of lingual tooth surfaces.
As Buccolingual distances at the gingival margin
did not vary substantiallythis led to conclude that
straight archwires could be used in lingual
orthodontics if they were placed as close to the
gingival margin as possible.

References PointsReferences Points
The following are taken into considerationThe following are taken into consideration
1.1. Li-PointLi-Point—the most prominent point of the lingual surface or the tip of the—the most prominent point of the lingual surface or the tip of the
protuberance of each tooth (horizontal bracket position).protuberance of each tooth (horizontal bracket position).
2.2. Embrasure LineEmbrasure Line—a line connecting all the contact points, as defined by—a line connecting all the contact points, as defined by
Andrews.Andrews.

3. Lingual Crown Height (LCH)—the vertical
dimension of each clinical crown.
4. Lingual Straight Plane (L-S Plane)—the
plane of vertical bracket slot positions, formed by
connecting the centers of the posterior lingual
clinical crowns and extending the line to the A
anterior segment.

LSW appliance Vs Kurz applianceLSW appliance Vs Kurz appliance
 AdvantagesAdvantages
 Allows ease of flossing.Allows ease of flossing.
 Gingival portion of bracket has fewer undercuts such as hooks, resulting inGingival portion of bracket has fewer undercuts such as hooks, resulting in
improved oral hygiene in the cervical region of lower anterior teeth.improved oral hygiene in the cervical region of lower anterior teeth.
 Distance of contact point from the wire is long enough to permit proximal slicingDistance of contact point from the wire is long enough to permit proximal slicing
without removing the wire.without removing the wire.
 Without bite planes it is easy to establish adequate overbite during detailing stage.Without bite planes it is easy to establish adequate overbite during detailing stage.
 Bracket rebondinig is easier as it doesn’t require removal of archwire.Bracket rebondinig is easier as it doesn’t require removal of archwire.
 Torque control is better as the wire is pushed into the slot during application ofTorque control is better as the wire is pushed into the slot during application of
the retraction forces.the retraction forces. www.indiandentalacademy.com

Plastic bracketsPlastic brackets
 Introduction of newIntroduction of new
materials like polycarbonatesmaterials like polycarbonates
and polysulfonesand polysulfones
 Advantage –Advantage –
Esthetically acceptable whenEsthetically acceptable when
compared to steel.compared to steel.

 Disadvantages-Disadvantages-
1.1. Staining and discoloration.Staining and discoloration.
2.2. Poor dimensional stabilityPoor dimensional stability
3.3. Undue friction between the bracket slot andUndue friction between the bracket slot and
the wire made sliding mechanics difficult.the wire made sliding mechanics difficult.
4.4. Need for compatible bonding resinNeed for compatible bonding resin

 Plastic brackets with metal insertsPlastic brackets with metal inserts

Ceramic bracketsCeramic brackets
 These were introduced in early 1980’sThese were introduced in early 1980’s
 Zulauf’s brackets: opaque and bulkyZulauf’s brackets: opaque and bulky
 Earlier ceramic brackets were made of alumina.Earlier ceramic brackets were made of alumina.
 Brittle –fracture was commonBrittle –fracture was common

 Later Zirconia brackets were introduced -Later Zirconia brackets were introduced -
- Surface hardening treatment was doneSurface hardening treatment was done
- Lower Young’s modulusLower Young’s modulus
- Higher overall strengthHigher overall strength
Disadvantage –Disadvantage –
Increased coefficient of frictionIncreased coefficient of friction

 Advantages of ceramic brackets over plastic-Advantages of ceramic brackets over plastic-
1.1. Stain resistantStain resistant
2.2. DurableDurable
3.3. Good dimension stabilityGood dimension stability
4.4. Custom moulded for individual teethCustom moulded for individual teeth
5.5. Allowed incorporation of the SWA featureAllowed incorporation of the SWA feature

 Polycrystalline alumina-DentaurumPolycrystalline alumina-Dentaurum
Signature, Rocky MtnSignature, Rocky Mtn
 PCA with metal slot- Unitek ,ClarityPCA with metal slot- Unitek ,Clarity
 Monocystalline alumina-A Co, StarfireMonocystalline alumina-A Co, Starfire
 Polycrystalline Zirconia- Yamura,TorayPolycrystalline Zirconia- Yamura,Toray

Ceramic Bracket With Metal Insertwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Composite BracketComposite Bracket
 Two or more polymersTwo or more polymers
 These have properties intermediate betweenThese have properties intermediate between
those of the constituentsthose of the constituents
 Materials should be so chosen that the propertyMaterials should be so chosen that the property
of one constituent improves the deficientof one constituent improves the deficient
property of othersproperty of others

Esthetic bracketsEsthetic brackets
Disadvantages :Disadvantages :
 The frictional resistance between orthodontic wire and ceramicThe frictional resistance between orthodontic wire and ceramic
brackets is greater and less predictable than it is with steelbrackets is greater and less predictable than it is with steel
brackets. This makes determining optimal force levels andbrackets. This makes determining optimal force levels and
anchorhage control difficult.anchorhage control difficult.
 They are less durable and are brittle in nature.They are less durable and are brittle in nature.
 They can induce wearing of enamel of opposing tooth.They can induce wearing of enamel of opposing tooth.
 Difficult to debond than steel brackets and wing fracture may easilyDifficult to debond than steel brackets and wing fracture may easily
occur during debracketing.occur during debracketing.
 The surface is rougher and more porous than the steel brackets andThe surface is rougher and more porous than the steel brackets and
inturn oral hygeine problems.inturn oral hygeine problems.
 The added bulk required to provide adequate strength makes oralThe added bulk required to provide adequate strength makes oral
hygiene still more difficult.hygiene still more difficult.

OrthodontistOrthodontist Clarke StevensClarke Stevens, in Nebraska, in Nebraska
developed brackets shaped like hearts,developed brackets shaped like hearts,
flowers, footballs, baseballs, and stars.flowers, footballs, baseballs, and stars.
He calls his productHe calls his product WildSmiles BracketsWildSmiles Brackets..

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

 As we know that treatment principles are mainly based onAs we know that treatment principles are mainly based on
science but art is also a part of it. Through the years, thescience but art is also a part of it. Through the years, the
advent of new system of brackets have been pounded intoadvent of new system of brackets have been pounded into
the field of orthodontics, which has guided the clinician inthe field of orthodontics, which has guided the clinician in
his planned mechanotherapy.his planned mechanotherapy.
 As such there is no known universal bracket system to treatAs such there is no known universal bracket system to treat
all types of malaligned teet, yet there are varieties ofall types of malaligned teet, yet there are varieties of
system available in which the clinician should judge andsystem available in which the clinician should judge and
make judicious use of it. Providing amake judicious use of it. Providing a ““RIGHTRIGHT
TREATMENT FOR A RIGHT PATIENT USING ATREATMENT FOR A RIGHT PATIENT USING A
RIGHT APPLIANCE AT RIGHT TIME”RIGHT APPLIANCE AT RIGHT TIME”

T
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