2. •A bibliography is an orderly list of resources on a particular
subject
•A bibliography provides the full reference information for all
the sources which you may have consulted in preparing a
particular project
•The purpose of a bibliography is to allow the reader to trace
the sources used

3. 1. The author’s name is listed in reverse order-surname first-for the purpose of
alphabetizing.
2. The entry is generally presented in hanging-indention form. That is the second
and subsequent lines of an entry begin at a uniform distance to the right of the
beginning point of the first line.
3. The entry gives the inclusive pages of articles, but not for books, and does not
refer to any one page or passage
4. Second and subsequent references to publications of the same author are
indicated by a uniform line.

4. • There are various formats used in the creation of a bibliography such as the American
Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association of America (MLA)
and Chicago Manual of Style and Council of Biology Editors (CBE)
• The APA style of referencing is common in the papers written on topics of social
sciences; MLA style is used in field of humanities; and CBE is a popular citation style in
the natural sciences
• Examples
MLA
For books
o Author. Title of book: Subtitle. City of Publication: Publisher, Year.
o Arnold, Francis. Greece. Texas: Steck-Vaughn, 1992.
APA
o Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional information.
City of publication: Publishing company.
o Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National
Geographic Society.

5. •For a Book
Author(last name first).Title of the book, City: Publisher, Date of publication
Example
Godin, Seth. Purple cow: Transform your business by being Remarkable. New York: Upper
Saddle River, 2002.
•For an Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia Title, Edition Date. Volume Number, "Article Title," page numbers
Example
The Encyclopedia Britannica 1997, Volume 7, “Gorillas,” pp 51-55.

6. •For a magazine
Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of magazine. Volume number, (Date): page
numbers.
Example
Jordan, Jennifer, “Filming on top of the world.” Museum of Science Magazine. Volume 7 (winter
1998) pp-11
•For a Newspaper
Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of newspaper, city, state of publication. (date):
edition if available, section, page number(s).
Example
Powers, Ann, “New Trends” The New York Times ,New York, NY(3/1/98), Atlantic Region,
Section 2 , p-3.

7. •World Wide Web
URL (Uniform Resource Locator or WWW address). author (or item's name, if mentioned),
date.
Example
http://www.TheHindu.com.Today’s news, August 1, 2012
•Government Publications
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. Healthy Buildings,
Healthy People: A vision for the 21st Century. October 2001.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/images/indoor_air_pollution.pdf.
•Miscellaneous
Central Intelligence Agency. Commonwealth Of Independent States-Central European States.
Washington DC : Central Intelligence Agency, 2003. Map.