Uncovering Diamond Production in Borneo
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- The document describes a project to fill gaps in knowledge about diamond mining, trading, and polishing in Borneo by developing a workflow using various CLARIAH tools and resources. - The workflow involved digitizing a diamond encyclopedia, extracting concepts and place names, linking the data to external sources to create linked open data, and querying newspaper archives to build a corpus of relevant articles. - Promising results showed mining, trading, and polishing continued in Borneo for Southeast Asian customers, and described previously unknown diamond fields and polishing locations in Borneo. The project aims to apply the workflow to other commodities like sugar.
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Uncovering Diamond Production in Borneo
- 1. Diamonds in Borneo: Commodities as Concepts in Context Karin Hofmeester, International Institute of Social History; Ashkan Ashkpour, International Institute of Social History; Katrien Depuydt, Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal; Jesse de Does, Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal; Martin Reynaert, Meertens Institute
- 2. Commodities (as Concepts in Context) The intensified circulation of people, commodities and ideas is one of the characteristics of a globalizing world To understand the causes and consequences of these circulations, we have to know which commodities circulated when and where, on what scale and who made them circulate
- 3. Diamonds
- 4. Why Borneo ? The diamond industry in Borneo has been a true blind spot in our knowledge on the global diamond commodity chain. Before 1720’s Borneo was one of the only places where diamonds were found After the 19th century diamonds from Borneo disappeared from the global commodity chain Little information on where diamonds were found, who the miners and traders were, which mining techniques were used and if there was really an ‘age-old’ diamond polishing industry as literature suggests.
- 5. Goals 1. Overarching goal: to fill the gaps in our knowledge on Diamond mining, trading and polishing in Borneo 2. To develop a workflow that could also be used by other researchers looking into commodities (sugar, indigo, slaves..) 3. To be a useful use case for various CLARIAH components; detecting and documenting successes and problems; adding a wish list of new or adapted functionality
- 6. Workflow Leviticus Encyclopedia (pdf) FineReader OCR Leviticus Encyclopedia (Abbyy XML) Leviticus Encyclopedia (Structured TEI XML) Conversion and curation Concept lists (csv): - Diamond industry - Geography - Commodities extraction Linked data (RDF) CLARIAH COW DiaMaNT Lexicon (RDF and Postgres) Borneo Place name gazetteer (excel, csv) Geographic enrichment and curation External commodity resources DSS + BGB (RDF) Enhanced querying Extracted article data (XML and Postgres DB) Delpher corpus (indexed newspaper article xml) Concept linking Research results Analysis in lex’it tool Leviticus Gold standard version (FoLiA) PICCL and manual curation Concept linking
- 7. De 1908 Geïllustreerde encyclopaedie der diamantnijverheid by Felix Leviticus
- 8. From text to structured data 1. OCR with Finereader 11 à Abbyy XML 2. Generic conversion Abbyy XML à Structured TEI XML 3. Specific structure extraction à TEI with article structure and tagged headwords and headword translations in French, English and German 4. Manual correction of headwords and translations in Oxygen
- 9. From Text to Structured Data https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/levi010geil01_01/index.php
- 10. Concept List - Selection of 75 headwords - Selection made based on four categories: - Diamond properties - Headwords related to material characteristics such as colour, substance, type of cut, weight or application etc. - Diamond mining - Headwords such as diamond mine, mine worker, deposit etc. - Diamond trade - Headwords such as supply, diamond market, diamond broker etc. - Diamond industry - Headwords related to occupations such as diamond cutter, diamond polisher, diamond worker, mill and polishing factory etc.
- 11. Enriching the Encyclopedia data with: DiaMaNT DiaMaNT allow us to deal with the diachronic variation in spelling and in vocabulary. By linking concepts to DiaMaNT, there is an expansion of the search lexicon with additional synonyms and historical variant spellings Expands concepts like juweel ("jewel") semantically with bijou, bijouterie, kleinood, sieraad and morphosyntactically with iuweel, iuweelen, jouweelen, jueelen, juweel, juweele, juweelen, juwel, juwelen, sueelen, sueweelen, juweel, juwelen Place names Borneo 498 geographical entities extracted from 6 different sources. Includes: historical and contemporary spelling variants, synonyms and references to rivers and mountains. The used place names have between 52 (Kottaringin) to 195.964 (Tandjong) results in Delpher Dutch Ships and Sailors (DSS) and Bookkeeper-General Batavia (BGB) External sources containing variables of interest such as: place names in Borneo, voyages (including departure and cargo information) and Diamond related concepts.
- 12. Linked Data Web of Documents > The Web of Data
- 14. Query and Build Create various (combined) Queries Icons made by Freepik from https://www.flaticon.com Build a corpus adapted and enhanced version of scripts developed in the CLARIAH research pilot Serpens
- 15. Why queries? ● Lots of irrelevant hits when you look for ‘diamant’
- 18. Results
- 19. Promising Results Our results show that (in contrast to current literature) mining, trading and polishing continued on the same scale as in the seventeenth century, though now mainly for customers in Southeast Asia (Explaining why the general descriptions of diamond production and trade, often written from a European perspective, neglected this part of the global diamond commodity chain). They never reached us.
- 20. Promising Results When comparing the scale of the produce in Borneo with Brazil and later South Africa, Borneo is not a very important diamond hub in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, if we look at the production, trade, finishing and consumption of diamonds in Southeast Asia, Borneo is an important center.
- 21. Promising Results Interesting descriptions of the mining techniques used to dig up diamonds from the alluvial sediment in the ground, a technique less well known than river bed washing techniques but similar to the techniques used in India at the same time. Even the description of family work in the diamond fields as well as the religious rituals performed at the start of a new mining process to make the operation successful are similar to India
- 22. Promising Results Most interesting are overview articles on the diamond mining and polishing industry in Borneo. One article for example describes the diamond fields in South Borneo, mentions four new diamond deposit and polishing locations: Tabalong, Latsai, Siang, Moerong and Toenggoel Irang which we did not know about.
- 23. ● What we delivered ● The creation of a deposit of relevant newspaper articles on diamonds in Borneo ● Best possible version of the Diamond Encyclopedia ● The concept list (as Linked Data) ● Place names as (Linked Data)
- 24. Training v. manual selection process – building a classifier Extending the queries with new place names, concepts etc. Apply this workflow on other commodities: i.e. sugar (bulk goods) Instead of newspapers > books or travel reports Future Work
- 25. Karin Hofmeester, International Institute of Social History; Ashkan Ashkpour, International Institute of Social History; Katrien Depuydt, Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal; Jesse de Does, Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal; Martin Reynaert, Meertens Institute Thank You
- 26. Thank You