2. the systematic study of the State and
Government
word political is derived from the
Greek word “polis,” meaning a city (or
what today equivalent of sovereign
state)
word “science” comes from the Latin
word “scire,” meaning to know
3. a state in a community of persons
more or less numerous;
permanently occupying a definite
portion of the territory
independent from outside or external
control
4. possessing a government wherein a
great body of inhabitants render
habitual obedience
based from CIR vs. Rueda, 42 SCRA 23
5. Divine Theory
it holds that the state is of divine creation
the ruler is obtained by God to govern the
people
references has been made by advocates of
this theory to do laws which Moses removed
at Mt. Sinai
6. Necessity of Force Theory
it maintains that states must have
been created through force
by some great warriors who imposed
their will on the weak
7. Paternalistic Theory
it attributes the origin of states to the
enlargement of the family
it remained under the authority of the
father or the mother
the family grew into a clan by natural stages
developed into a tribe which broadened into
a nation becomes a state
8. Social Contract Theory
it asserts that early states must have been
formed by deliberate and voluntary compact
among the people
to form a society and organize government
for their common good
this theory justifies the right of the people to
revolt against a bad ruler
9. Constituent
those which constitute the bond of society
and are, therefore, compulsory in nature
Ministrant
those undertaken only by way of society
and are therefore options of, such as: public
works, publication, public charity, health,
safety regulations, and regulation of trade
and commerce
10. a nation is a group of persons
occupying a portion of territory
sharing the same language, culture,
tradition, and history
11. a state is more of a judicial or legal concept
a nation is more of a racial or ethnic
concept
a nation may or may not be independent of
external control
a state may consist of one or more nations
a nation may consist of one or more states
12. Police Power
it is the power of the state to regulate
the individual’s rights and property for
the general welfare
13. Eminent Domain
or Power of Expropriation
it is the power of the state to take the
possession of private property public
purpose
and after payment of just compensation
14. Power of Taxation
the power of the state to enforce
proportionate contributions from the
people
for support of all government
programs and services
15. the state has four essential elements,
namely:
People
this refers to the mass of population living
within the state
without people, there can be no
functionaries to govern, and subjects to be
governed
16. Territory
it includes not only the land over which the
jurisdiction of the state extends
also the rivers and lakes therein
and a certain area of the sea which abounds
upon its coasts and the air space above it
17. Government
it refers to the body through which the will
of the state is formulated, expressed and
carried out
18. Sovereignty
to have freedom from foreign control
the supreme power of the state to
command and enforce obedience to its will
from the people within its jurisdiction and
corollary
19. many political science writers widely regard
these two terms as identical
it is the considered view that the acts of the
government (within the prescribed limits of
the delegation of powers) are the acts of the
state
the government is the agent through which
the will of the state is carried out, according
to the contract of agency
20. the government of the Philippines is a
unitary state
it is a presidential, representative, and
democratic republic
the President of the Philippines is both the
head of state and the head of government
21. it is within a pluriform, multi-party system
President Diosadado Macapagal issued
Proclamation 28 in 1962, charging
Philippine independence from July 4 to
June 12
in 1964, Proclamation 28 would later
become Republic Act No. 4166
22. Legislative Branch
Congress (House of Representatives and
Senate)
responsibilities:
◦ create laws
◦ has impeachment power
◦ can override vetoes with 2/3 votes
◦ can declare laws unconstitutional
23. Executive Branch
The President
Executive and Cabinet departments
Independent government agencies
responsibilities:
◦ enforce the laws
◦ veto bills (laws)
◦ power to appoint judges
◦ pardon war
24. Judicial Branch
Supreme Court
Courts of Appeal
RTC, MTC
responsibilities:
◦ interpret the laws
◦ can declare presidential acts
unconstitutional
◦ can declare laws unconstitutional
25. is a system of government in which
entities such as states or provinces
share power with a national
government
the primary goals of a constitutional
amendment is:
◦ to increase decentralization
◦ greater local power
26. ◦ access to resources, most especially among
regions outside Metro Manila
federalism will also hasten economic
development
since resource and financial mobilization is
upon each states’ or provinces discretion
without significant constraint from the
central government
27. Purpose of a Constitution
prescribes the framework of the
system of government, and assigns to
the different departments or branches
their respective powers and duties
(Art. 1)
28. designed to preserve and protect the
rights of the citizens against the
Powers of the State (Art. III)
the Philippines has had a total of six
constitutions since the Proclamation
of Independence on June 12, 1898
29. The 1st Philippine Republic
January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901
the Revolutionary Government
1899 Malolos Constitution
ratified on January 20, 1899
30. features:
◦ declared that sovereignty resides
exclusively in the people
◦ stated basic civil rights
◦ separated church and state
◦ called for the creation of an Assembly of
Representatives to act as a legislative body
31. ◦ called for a presidential form of
government with the president elected for
a term of four years by a majority of the
Assembly
◦ it was titled “Constitucion politician”
◦ written in Spanish
◦ was ratified by the Malolos Congress, a
Congress held in Malolos, Bulacan
32. Insular Government
1901 – 1935
headed by the Governor General,
appointed by the US government
early years of American occupation
33. Philippine Organic Act 1902
◦ provided for a Philippine Assembly
composed of Filipino citizens
◦ a basic law for the insular Government
◦ was enacted by the United States Congress
◦ also known as Philippine Bill of 1902 (or
Cooper Act)
◦ the Philippine Assembly shall be elected
by Filipinos
34. Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
◦ Included the first pledge of Philippine
independence
◦ also known as the Jones Act or Jones Law
◦ remained en forced as a de facto
constitution for the Philippines
35. ◦ it was superseded by the Tydings-
McDuffie Act of 1934
◦ provided the Philippines Islands the
framework for the creation of autonomous
government
◦ in preparation for the grant of
independence by the United States
36. Commonwealth Government
November 15, 1935 – May 28, 1946
replaced the insular government
headed by a duly-elected president
the 1935 Constitution
ratified on May 14, 1945
37. features:
◦ established the Commonwealth
Government
◦ provided a democratic and Republican
government
◦ inclusion of the Bill of Rights
38. The 2nd Philippine Republic
October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945
Japanese-sponsored government
meanwhile, the Commonwealth
(ratified in 1943)
39. features:
◦ the 1943 Constitution remained in force in
Japanese-controlled areas of the
Philippines
◦ was never recognized as legitimate or
binding by the governments of the United
States
◦ also, of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines (ruling exile), and guerilla
organizations loyal to them
40. ◦ charter was ratified in 1943
◦ the Second Republic was formally
proclaimed (1943-1945) upon ratification
◦ Jose P. Laurel was appointed as President
by the National Assembly and inaugurate
into office in October 1943
41. The 3rd Philippine Republic
July 4, 1946 – September 21, 1972
Philippine government after liberation from
the Japanese
Roxas would again take his oath as
President, on July 4, 1946
this time as President of newly-inaugurated
and independent Republic of the Philippines
42. The Martial Law Years
September 21, 1972 – June 16, 1981
had the “Martial Law Constitution,” or
the 1973 Consitution
ratified on January 17, 1973
43. features:
◦ establishment of modified parliamentary
government
◦ suspension of the Bill of Rights
◦ has given greater power to the Executive
Department
44. The 4th Philippine Republic
June 30, 1981 – February 25, 1986
the lifting of Martial Law in 1981
the 1986 snap election and EDSA
revolution
45. The 5th Philippine Republic
February 2, 1987 – present
has the 1987 Constitution
called the “Freedom Constitution” of
1986
ratified on February 2, 1987
46. features:
◦ reinstitution of a democratic government
◦ separation of Church and State
◦ sovereignty of the people
◦ renunciation of war as a national policy
◦ supremacy of civilian authority over the
military
◦ separation of powers
47. Democracy
comes from the Latin terms “demos” and
“kratos”
a form of government wherein the power or
sovereignty is exercised or resides in the
people
can be classified as pure or representative
48. Aristocracy
a form of government wherein the
power is exercised by a limited few
the so-called “elite”
they are regarded as the privileged
class
49. Monarchy
a form of government wherein the
power or sovereignty is exercised by
one person only
usually a king or queen
it can be absolute or limited monarchy
50. Parliamentary
a form of government wherein the President
serves as nominal or titular head
Prime minister runs the affairs of the state
directly accountable to the people
the system of ministry is responsible to:
◦ legislature
◦ consequently, the electorate
51. Presidential
a form of government wherein the
President is the chief executive of the
State
independent of the legislature with
respect to his tenure, acts and policies
52. Federal
a form of government where the
power of the state is divided into two:
national for national affairs
local for local affairs
each organ is independent in its own
sphere
53. Military
a form of government established and
controlled by military authorities over
a beleaguered State
Revolutionary
a form of government wherein the
State is obtained by means of force
54. De Jure
a form of government that is founded on existing
legal or constitutional basis
De Facto
a form of government that is founded on
constitutional law
it exists in fact but not in law
Civil
a form of government that is run by elected
civilian officials
55. Meaning of Constitution
a body of rules and maxims in accordance
with which the power of sovereignty is
habitually exercised (Judge Cooley)
56. Purpose/ Functions of a Constitution
to prescribe the permanent framework of the
system of government
assigns to the different departments their
respective powers and duties
established certain fixed first principles on
which the government is founded
promote public welfare involving the safety,
prosperity, health, and happiness of the
people
57. Written or rigid
the provisions of which have been reduced
to writing
embodied in one or more instruments at a
particular time
examples:
Philippine and U.S. Constitutions
58. Unwritten or flexible
has not been committed to writing at any
specific time
the collective and product and accumulation
of customary laws, judicial decisions, dicta of
statements and legislative enactments of
fundamental character
59. Broad
because it must outline an organization of
the government for the whole state
Brief
because its nature requires that only its great
outline should be marked
its important objects designated and the
ingredients which composed those objects be
reduced
60. 1. Proposal
may be made by:
Congress
Constitutional Convention
Peoples’ initiative
61. Ratification
which means the submission of the
draft constitution to the electorate
a proposal made by peoples’ initiative
requiring:
at least 12% of the entire electorate;
and
3% must come from every legislative
district
62. a declaration and enumeration of a
person’s rights and privileges
provided in the Constitution
it is designed to protect against
violations by the government, by an
individual or groups of individuals
it is a charter of liberties for the
individual and a limitation upon the
power of the State
63. it protects citizens against the power
government
it outlines what the citizens can do and
cannot do
it is a boundary between the government
and the people
it is where the rights and privileges of the
individuals are defined
64. the rights of a citizen are classified into:
Natural Rights
they are those nights possessed by every
citizen without being granted by the State
for they are given to man by God as a
human being
examples are the right to life and right to
love
65. Constitutional Rights
they are those rights which are conferred and
protected by the Constitution
Statutory Rights
those rights which are provided by laws
promulgated by the law-making body
examples are: the right to receive a minimum
wage and the right to adopt a child by an
unrelated person
66. political rights
civil rights
social and economic rights
rights of the accused
67. Traditional
traditional economies still produce
products and services
they are a direct result of their beliefs,
customs, traditions, religions, etc.
68. Command
most notable feature is that a large
part of the economic system is
controlled by an centralized power
often, a federal government
this kind of economy tends to develop
when a country finds itself in
possession of a very large amount of
valuable resources
69. Market
similar to a free market
the government does not control vital
resources, valuable goods or any other
major segment of the economy
organizations run by the people determine:
◦ how the economy runs
◦ how supply is generated
◦ what demands are necessary, etc.
70. Mixed Systems
also known as a Dual Economy
primarily refers to a mixture of a
market and command economy
71. Capitalism
private ownership of means of
production
decisions by consumers and
businesses determine economic
activity
72. Socialism
public and private ownership of means
of production
decisions by consumers and business
and by government determine
economic activity
73. Communism
public ownership of means of production
decisions by government determine economic
activity
no country has an economic system that is
100 percent communism, socialism, or
capitalism
all countries today have mixed economy
systems or mixed economies
with some free enterprises and some
government ownership
74. A. Based on the Number of Persons Exercising
Sovereign Powers
Monarchy
the supreme authority is in the hands of one
person only
how he got into power or how long his tenure
would be does not matter
75. Absolute monarchy
the power of the monarch is based on divine
right
Limited monarchy
the power of the monarch is based on the
constitution
Aristocracy
the ruling power is in the hands of a few
privileged class
76. Democracy
the power is in the hands of the
people
Direct or pure democracy
the power is directly exercised by the
people through assembly or mass
meeting
77. Indirect, representative or republican
the power is exercised by a group of
persons chosen by the people to act
as their representatives
78. B. Based on the Extent of Power
Exercised by the Central or National
Government
Unitary government
the control of national and local affairs
is under the central or national
government
79. Federal government
the powers of the government are
divided between two sets of organs
one for national and the other for local
affairs
each organ being supreme with its
own sphere
80. C. Based on the Relationship Between the Executive
and the Legislative Branches of Government
Parliamentary government
the executive is dependent on the legislative
Presidential government
the executive is constitutionally vested with
powers
making it independent from legislative
department
