Problemløsning. Samarbeid. Innovasjon. Digital læring. Kritisk tenkning. Eleven som produsent. Det er noen av nøkkelordene i det fremadstormende internasjonale begrep 21. århundrenes kompetanse (21st century Skills). Begrepet handler overordnet om at elever utvikler kompetanse til å bruke i samfunnet de skal bevege seg ut i, etter skolen.
Hva forstår vi egentlig med begrepet i Norden? Hvor langt er de nordiske landene med å bruke digitale verktøy til å understøtte denne kompetansen? Det har to forskere fra Aarhus Universitet undersøkt for Styrelsen for It og Læring (STIL):
14. DocumentaYon:
Nordic@BETT, QuesYonnaire Study, QuesYon 2.1 NaYonal/Regional 21st Century Skills Policy
Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
Nej
Insert: Answer: QuesYon 2.2:
Den danske folkeskolelov opererer
ikke med begrebet 21st Century Skills
(21st CS). Men i tre tværgående
emner ’It og medier’, 'InnovaYon og
entreprenørskab' og 'Elevernes alsi-
dige udvikling' som skal integreres i
alle fag på alle klassetrin er der flere
elementer fra 21st CS. Fx i det
tværgående emne ”It og medier”
fremhæves, at en elev i løbet af et
undervisningsforløb skal kunne
indtage forskellige posiYoner. Disse
benævnes som:
• Eleven som kriYsk undersøger
• Eleven som analyserende
modtager
• Eleven som målreaet og kreaYv
producent
• Eleven som ansvarlig deltager.
På denne side er en nærmere
beskrivelse af hver af de fire
elevposiYoner (see link). Ud fra
beskrivelserne af elevposiYonerne i
vejledningen er det nærliggende at
koble dem Yl disse 21st CS
Yes. This requires a small introducYon
in our educaYon system:
The overall distribuYon of lesson
hours for basic educaYon and the
minimum number of lessons for core
subjects during basic educaYon are
decided by the Government. The
distribuYon of lesson hours sYpulate
such maaers as the core subjects
taught to all pupils, and the
distribuYon of teaching hours
between various subjects.
The naYonal core curriculum is
determined by the Finnish NaYonal
Board of EducaYon. It includes the
objecYves and core contents of
different subjects, as well as the
principles of pupil assessment,
special-needs educaYon, pupil welfare
and educaYonal guidance. The
principles of a good learning
environment, working approaches as
well as the concept of learning are
also addressed in the core curriculum.
The present naYonal core curriculum
for basic educaYon was confirmed in
January 2004 and it was introduced in
schools in August 2006. The new
distribuYon of lesson hours was
confirmed in 2012 and the new core
curriculum in December 2014.
No, 21st Century Skills is not an
explicit part of the educaYon policy in
Norway. You can sYll find parallel
objecYves, and you can find aspects
of the 21st Century Skills in the
Norwegian educaYon policy. Though
they will not be named as 21st Century
Skills.
It is important to noYce that having
21st Century Skills as a part of
Norwegian educaYon policy would be
difficult under the current curriculum
reform. The current reform (see link)
focuses on outcome-based objecYves.
These state clearly the competence
the students should acquire. It says
liale about the learning processes
that leads to the student acquiring
that competence. The current laws
and regulaYons give the schools and
local government the authority to
choose how they teach their students.
As 21st Century Skills also says a lot of
how schools should teach their
students, it would go against the
current autonomy of the schools and
local government to implement 21st
Century Skills on a naYonal level. On
the other hand it also makes it
possible for local authoriYes and
school to teach 21st Century Skills if
they choose. There are 447 local
authoriYes, and we do not know if
No, the concept of 21st Century Skills
is not used in naYonal policy
(steering) documents but as you can
see most of them are addressed in
the above cited part from the naYonal
curriculum and in other parts of the
same document. Everybody student
should be able to use modern
technology as a tool in the search for
knowledge, communicaYon, creaYvity
and learning,
DocumentaYon: Nordic@BETT QuesYonnaire Study, QuesYon 2.1 NaYonal/Regional 21st Century Skills Policy, Norway and Sweden.
Sweden:
Word count in the curriculum:
CreaGvity (26) and InnovaGon (1)
CriGcal (28) Thinking
Problems Solving (8) and Decision Making (17)
Learning-To-Learn (0)and MetacogniGon (0)
However lifelong learning and equivalents are menGon, as reflecGon about individual learning
paths
CommunicaGon (154) and CollaboraGon (expressed but using different vocabulary)
InformaGon (276) and ICT Literacy (term not used)
Local and Global CiGzenship (3)
Personal and Social Responsibility (35 but from very different perspecGves)
Norway:
The parts of the 21st Century Skills that are implemented in the curriculum, are
implemented as the 5 basic skills and the core curriculum (…) Though it will
oGen be a maHer for interpreta:on, as they are a part of/hidden in the
outcome-based objec:ves.
DocumentaYon: Nordic@BETT QuesYonnaire Study, QuesYon 2.1 NaYonal/Regional 21st Century Skills Policy, Norway and Sweden.
Documentation
2.1 NaGonal/Regional 21st Century Skills Policy
Does your country have a 21st Century Skills in educaYon policy for primary and lower secondary school (yes/no)? If so, please provide a brief introducYon
indicaYng the objecYves, Ymeframe and strategies for implementaYon.
15. Question 3.3 : Questionnaire Study
What targets are set for students’ 21st Century Skills?
DocumentaYon: Nordic@BETT QuesYonnaire Study, QuesYon 3.1 21st Century Skills in the Curriculum, QuesYon 3.3 Students’ 21st Century Skills, and QuesYon 3.4 Assessment of 21st Century Skills
Question 3.1: Questionnaire Study
How are 21st Century Skills integrated into the curriculum for primary and lower
secondary school in your country?
Question 3.4: Questionnaire Study
How are students’ 21st Century Skills currently being assessed in primary and
lower secondary school?
17. VersaGle Competencies
K1 Capacity to think and learn
K2 Cultural and CommunicaYve Competence
K3 Everyday Competence
K4 MulY Literacy
K5 Digital Competence
K6 Work-Life Competence and Entrepreneurship
K7 Capacity to ParYcipate in , Influence and Contribute to a Sustainable Future
Source. Utbildningsstyrelsen (2014) Grunderna För läroplanen för den grundläggende utbildningen, p.20-25, p. 375, and p. 395,.
Example
Mångsidig Kompetens as goals of educaGon in Finland
Versa,le Competencies in our transla,on
Goals: MathemaGcs: Year 7-9
Goals of Teaching: Content: Competence:
M4: encourage the student to get experience in expressing him-/herself accurately and
mathemaYcally both verbally and in wriYng
11-16 K1, K2, K4, K5
Goals: Chemistry: Year 7-9
Goals of Teaching: Content: Competence:
M8: guide the student to perceive how chemistry is used in technology and to parYcipate in creat-
ing, planning, developing and applying soluYons that includes use of chemistry in collaboraYon
with others
11-16 K2, K3, K5
20. Sources:
Country Reports on ICT in EdcuaYon (2015) (2011) published by European Schoolnet, SecYon 2.2 ResponsibiliYes
QuesYonnaire Study: Nordic@BETT, SecYon 2.3 ResponsibiliYes for 21st Century Skills
Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
Da vi i folkeskoleloven ikke opererer
med begrebet 21st Century Skills
følger ansvarsfordeling det, som alYd
gælder:
• FolkeYnget vedtager en folkesko-
lelov, hvor kommunerne har an-
svaret for at Ylpasse de vejled-
ninger, der er udstedt af Ministe-
riet.
• Skolelederen har ansvaret for at
de enkelte lærere følger vejled-
ningerne i klassen.
• Den enkelte faglærer har ansvaret
for at it anvendes i undervisningen
i overensstemmelse med det
pågældende fags mål og som
beskrevet i vejledningen Yl det
tværgående tema om it og medier.
QuesYonnaire Study, SecYon2.5
Same as above. ICT is not a separate
subject in Finnish basic educaYon, but
transversal competencies (including
ICT competence) is distributed within
all subjects.
At naYonal level: NaYonal Board of
EducaYon
• Sets out the NaYonal Core
Curriculum
• Manages funding for teacher
training programs, infrastructure
projects and overall
implementaYon of the core
curriculum
Regional level: municipaliYes (ca. 98
% of pupils), university training
schools and private insYtuYons:
• Set out local curriculums which
derives from the naYonal core
curriculum
• Employer of teaching staff
• Typically administers ICT
infrastructure
• Decides upon schools hours for
children, deriving from naYonal
curriculum.
Local: Schools and teachers
• School schedule allocates working
hours
• Teaching material acquisiYons are
typically made on school level
The Ministry of EducaYon and
Research has the overall responsibility
for the administraYon of the
educaYonal system and for
implemenYng naYonal educaYonal
policy.
The Directorate for EducaYon and
Training is the execuYve organ of the
Ministry and is responsible for the
development of primary and secon-
dary educaYon.
In each of Norway's 19 counYes, the
County Governor represents the
central government at regional level,
contribuYng to the implementaYon of
naYonal educaYon policies in schools
at all levels. The County Governor
ensures that appropriate schooling is
provided for young people in
compliance with regulaYons, and also
ensures the provision of adequate
adult educaYon faciliYes.
MunicipaliYes are responsible for the
running and administraYon of primary
and lower secondary schools, while
counYes are in charge of upper
secondary schools. This includes ICT
infrastructure, access to digital
learning resources and local strategies
regarding in-service training and
school improvement for ICT. Part of
n/a
Documentation: Questionnaire
2.3 ResponsibiliGes for 21st Century Skills
How are responsibiliYes for for 21st Century Skills in educaYon in primary and lower secondary school shared in your country? Who are the main actors and what
are their responsibiliYes?
At na:onal level: Na:onal Board of Educa:on
• Sets out the Na:onal Core Curriculum
• Manages funding for teacher training programs, infrastructure projects
and overall implementa:on of the core curriculum
Regional level: municipali:es (ca. 98 % of pupils), university training
schools and private ins:tu:ons:
• Set out local curriculums which derives from the na:onal core curriculum
• Employer of teaching staff
• Typically administers ICT infrastructure
• Decides upon schools hours for children, deriving from na:onal
curriculum.
Local: Schools and teachers
• School schedule allocates working hours
• Teaching material acquisi:ons are typically made on school level
• Teachers are very autonomous in deciding how to implement the local
curriculum and how to organize assessment
QuesYonnaire Study: Finland
SecYon2.5, ResponsibiliYes for ICT for 21st Century Skills
The Finnish educa:on system
is completely decentralized.
European Schoolnet ICT in EducaYon Country Report Finland
SecYon 2.2 ResponsibiliYes
DocumentaYon: Country Reports on ICT in EdcuaYon (2015) (2011) published by European Schoolnet, SecYon 2.2 ResponsibiliYes
DocumentaYon: QuesYonnaire Study, QuesYon 2.3 ResponsibiliYes for 21st Century Skills, QuesYon 2.5 ResponsibiliYes for ICT for 21st Century Skills