UNIT

1. CONTENTS
UNIT - I
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND MEASUREMENTS
1.1 Ohm’s Law 1.1
1.1.1 Limitations of ohm’s law 1.17
1.1.2. Example problems 1.17
1.1.3 Kirchoff’s law 1.18
1.1.4 Combination of Resistors 1.20
1.1.4.a) Series combination 1.20
1.1.4.b) Parallel combination 1.24
1.2. Steady state solution of DC circuits 1.35
1.2.a) RL circuit – step voltage response (forced response) 1.35
1.2.b) RC circuit step voltage response 1.38
1.2.c) RLC series circuit 1.40
1.2.d) RLC circuit – step voltage response 1.48
1.3 Introduction to AC circuit 1.51
1.3.1 Types of AC waveforms 1.36
1.3.2 Effective value or RMS value 1.37
1.3.2.a) Power factor: (cos  ) 1.37
1.3.3 Single phase and three phase balanced circuits 1.61
1.3.4 Analysis of balanced loads 1.63
1.4 Permanent magnet moving coil instruments 1.69
1.4.(a) Construction of PMMC instrument 1.69
1.4.2 Moving iron instruments (MI) 1.71
1.4.3 Moving iron attraction type instruments 1.71
1.4.3.1 Moving iron repulsion type instruments 1.72

2. 1.4.4 Errors in PMMC instruments 1.76
1.4.5 Basic of DC Ammeter 1.77
1.4.6 Basic DC voltmeter 1.79
1.4.7 Requirements of a multiplier 1.80
1.4.8 Electrodynamometer wattmeter 1.80
1.4.8.a) Error in electrodynamometer type wattmeter 1.84
1.4.9 Error in single phase energy meter 1.89
Review Questions 1.90
Appendix – A
Two Mark Questions and Answers A.1-A.6
UNIT - II
ELECTRICAL MECHANICS
2.1 DC Generator 2.1
2.1.1 Construction 2.1
2.1.2 Principle of Operation 2.4
2.2 EMF Induced in a DC generator 2.7
2.2.1 Applications of DC generators 2.10
2.3 DC Motors 2.10
2.3.1 Principle of Operation 2.10
2.4 Transformers 2.15
2.4.1 Working Principle of a Transformer 2.16
2.4.2 Classifications of Transformers 2.16
2.4.3 Construction Details 2.18
2.4.4 EMF Equation of a Transformer 2.22
2.5 Introduction – Single Phase Induction Motor 2.26

3. Review Questions 2.37
Appendix – A
Two Mark Questions and Answers A.1-A.7
UNIT - III
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS
3.1 Atom 3.1
3.2 Energy Band 3.5
3.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 3.6
3.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 3.8
3.5 Theory of PN Junction 3.11
3.5.1 Junction Diode Symbol and Static I-V Characteristics 3.12
3.5.2 Zero Biased Junction Diode 3.13
3.5.3 Reverse Biased Junction Diode 3.14
3.5.4 Forward Biased Junction Diode 3.15
3.5.5 Junction Diode Summary 3.16
3.5.6 PN Junction Applications 3.16
3.5.7 Breakdown Mechanism in semiconductor Diode 3.17
3.6 Zener Diode 3.18
3.6.1 Applications of Zener Diode 3.19
3.7 Rectifiers 3.20
3.7.1 Half Wave Rectification 3.20
3.7.2 Half-wave Rectifier with Smoothing Capacitor 3.21
3.7.3 Full Wave Rectifier 3.22
3.7.4 Bridge Rectifier 3.24

4. 3.7.5 Comparison of HWR, FWR and Bridge Rectifier 3.27
3.7.6 Use of filters 3.27
3.8 Voltage Regulators 3.28
3.9 Bipolar Junction Transistors 3.31
3.9.1 Introduction 3.31
3.9.2 The NPN Transistor 3.32
3.9.3 The PNP Transistor 3.35
3.9.4 PNP Transistor Connection 3.36
3.9.5 Bipolar Transistor Configurations 3.38
3.9.5.1 The Common Base (CB) Configuration 3.38
3.9.5.2 The Common Emitter (CE) Configuration 3.40
3.9.5.3 The Common Collector (CC) Configuration 3.41
3.10 Introduction Biasing 3.43
3.10.1 Fixed bias (base bias) 3.44
3.10.2 Collector-to-base bias 3.46
3.10.3 Fixed bias with emitter resistor 3.48
3.10.4 Voltage divider biasing 3.49
3.10.5 Small signal Amplifier 3.51
3.10.5.1 Small Signal CE Amplifier 3.53
3.10.5.2 Common Emitter Amplifier 3.57
Review Questions 3.62
Appendix – A
Two Mark Questions and Answers A.1-A.5

5. UNIT - IV
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
4.1 Number System 4.1
4.1.1 Binary Number Conversion 4.2
4.1.2 Decimal Number Conversion 4.3
4.1.3 Octal Number Conversion 4.6
4.1.4 Hexadecimal Number Conversion 4.8
4.1.5 Problems on Number System Conversions 4.10
4.2 Logic Gates 4.15
4.2.1 Introduction 4.15
4.2.2 AND GATE 4.16
4.2.3 OR GATE 4.16
4.2.4 NOT GATE 4.17
4.2.5 NOR GATE 4.17
4.2.6 NAND GATE 4.18
4.2.7 XOR GATE 4.19
42.8 XNOR GATE 4.19
4.3 Boolean Algebra 4.20
4.3.1 Introduction 4.20
4.3.2 Basic Laws of Boolean Algebra 4.20
4.3.3 Theorems 4.20
4.3.4 Laws 4.21
4.4 De-Morgon’s Theorem 4.21
4.4.1 Duality Theorem 4.21
4.5 Karnaugh’s Map 4.23
4.5.1 Looping 4.24
4.5.2 Karnaugh Simplifications 4.24
4.5.3 Idea Noticed Before Looping 4.24

6. 4.5.4 Simplification of Logic Functions 4.25
4.6 Half Adder and Full Adder 4.25
4.6.1 Introduction 4.25
4.6.2 Half Adder 4.26
4.6.3 Full Adder 4.27
4.6.4 The Full Adder and Half Adder as Circuit Elements 4.29
4.7 Flip Flop 4.31
4.7.1 Introduction 4.31
4.7.2 Simple Set-Reset Latches 4.32
4.7.3 SR NAND latch 4.33
4.7.4 JK latch 4.34
4.7.5 Gated SR Latch 4.34
4.7.6 D FLIP-FLOP 4.35
4.7.7 T FLIP-FLOP 4.39
4.7.8 JK FLIP-FLOP 4.40
4.8 Introduction to Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Converter 4.41
4.8.1 Single Slope ADC 4.43
4.8.2 Dual Slope ADC 4.44
4.8.3 Successive Approximation ADC 4.46
4.8.4 Flash Type ADC 4.47
4.8.5 3-Bit Flash Type Converter 4.48
4.8.6 Sigma/Delta Modulation 4.48
4.8.7 Types of D/A Converter 4.49
4.8.7.1 Binary Weighted Resistor 4.49
4.8.7.2 R-2R Ladder 4.51
4.9 Registers and Counters 4.54
4.9.1 Registers 4.54
4.9.2 Shift Registers 4.54

7. 4.9.3 Cyclic Registers 4.55
4.9.3.1 Parallel In-Serial Out 4.55
4.9.4 Barrel Shifters 4.56
4.9.5 Counters 4.57
4.9.5.1 Ripple Counters (Asynchronous) 4.58
4.9.5.2 Synchronous Counters 4.58
Review Questions 4.67
Appendix – A
Two Mark Questions and Answers A.1-A.16
UNIT V
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
5.1 Telecommunication System 5.1
5.2 Types of Signals 5.5
5.3 Modulation 5.5
5.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 5.7
5.3.2. Pulse Modulation 5.14
5.3.3 Digital Modulation 5.16
5.4 Radio Communication 5.20
5.5 Television Communication System 5.35
5.6 Fax (Facsimile) 5.42
5.7 Microwave Communication 5.45
5.8 Satellite Communication 5.55
5.9 Optical Fiber Communication 5.60
Review Questions 5.70
Appendix – A

8. Two Mark Questions and Answers A.1-A.4
Appendix – B
Anna University Question Papers B.1 - B.12