1. English as an Indo-European
Language
(Lexical Analysis)
- Diego Ulloa Iglesias -

2. Language
families
similar features
Lexicon
(vocabulary)
Syntax
(Grammar)
Phonology
(sound)
Morphology
(word structure)
contain of

3. English
Indo-European Language family
140 languages
11 subgroups
is part of
and is divided in
which contains

4. Approximate distribution of Indo-
European languages around the world.

6. Subgroups of the PIE
Anatolian
Extinct
languages
Lydian Hittite Luwian
are
↘ Absence of “classical” threeway gender system in
sustantives.
↘ Existence of many laryngeals.

7. Subgroups of the PIE
Indo-Aryan
Indic Iranian
Vedic
Sanskrit
Hindi-Urdu
Marathi
Punjabi
Gujurati
Kurdish
Parthian
Farsi
Pashto
Khotanese
Yahgnobl
Old Indic
1500-600 BCE
Middle Indic
600-1000 CE
Modern Indic
1000 CE
West Iranian
(Old Persian
600 BCE)
East Iranian
(Old Avestan
500 BCE)

8. Subgroups of the PIE
Greek
South East
Greek
North West
Greek
Attic-Ionic
Arcado-Cyprian
Mycenaean
Aeolic
Doric
Greek literature
Attic
(main dialect)
Iliad - Odyssey

9. Subgroups of the PIE
Italic
Latin-Faliscan
Osco -Umbrian
- Italian
- French
- Spanish
- Catalan
- Portuguese
- Rumanian
- Oscan
(5th century BCE)
- Umbrian
(300 BCE)
- South Picene
(5th-6th century BCE)
subdivided
in
Latin
Represented by

10. Subgroups of the PIE
Germanic
geographicaly divided in
East Germanic North Germanic West Germanic
Gothic
Icelandic
Faroese
Norwegian
Danish
Swedish
German
Yiddish
Dutch
Flemish
Afrikaans
English

11. Subgroups of the PIE
Divided in
(300 CE)
Insular
Celtic
geographicaly divided in
Continental Extinct languages
(6th century BCE)
- Celtiberian
- Lepontic
- Gaulish
- Irish
- Scots
- Gaelic
- Manx
(extinct)
Goidelic
Brittanic
- Welsh
- Breton
- Cornish
(extinct)

12. Subgroups of the PIE
Tocharian
Tocharian A
Tocharian B
divided in
(20th century)
divided in
(16th century) Baltic
East Baltic
Old Prussian
(extinct)
Lithuanian
Latvian

13. Subgroups of the PIE
South Slavic
West Slavic
East Slavic
Slavic
geographicaly divided in
- Bulgarian
- Macedonian
- Serbian
- Croatian
- Slovenian
- Old Church Slavic
(extinct)
- Czech
- Slovak
- Polish
- Kashubian
- Russian
- Ukrainian
- Belarussian

14. Armenian
Albanian
influenced by
5th century CE
Greek – Arabian – Syriac – Persian
Subgroups of the PIE
Greek – Slavic – Turkish – Latin
influenced by
15th century CE
main dialects
Gheg – Tosk

15. Fragmentary Languages
survive only in
Glosses and sporadic
inscriptions
Ligurian
(Northern Italy)
Messapic
(Southern Italy)
Venetic
(Northeastern Italy)
Thracian
(Southern Romania &
Modern Bulgaria’s area)
Phrygian
(Modern central Turkey’s
area)
Illyrian
(Dalmatian coast area of
Adriatic)
Main fragmentary languages

16. Aspects of PIE structure.
Phonology.
PIE Hitt. Skr. Lat. Gk. Goth. Olc. OHG OE
p p p p p f f f f
k k ś k k h(j) h h h
b p b b b p p p/pf p
w/u w v v ø w v w w
y/i y y j h/z j ø j g(y)
a a a a a a a a æ
Phonological correpondences between
consonant and vowel segments.

17. Aspects of PIE structure.
Morphology.
Inflectional (fusional)
language
8 cases
3 numbers
3 genders
Adjectives
Nominative, genitive, dative,
acusative, ablative, locative,
instrumental, vocative.
Singular
Dual
Plural
Masculine
Femenine
Neuter
Each depends on gender and
number.
Each is marked by their own
more-or-less unique ending.
Pronouns
1. Nominal & pronominal
morphology.

18. Aspects of PIE structure.
Morphology.
2. Verbal morphology.
Verbs
Tense
Voice Mood
- Active
- Mediopassive
- Present
- Imperfect
- Aorist
- Perfect
- Future
- Imperative
- Indicative
- Optative
- Subjunctive
Transitive Intransitive
divided in 2 types

19. Syntax.
Aspects of PIE structure.
Fusional languages
Different syntactic patterns
Word order
have
due to
a).- With him Sarah plays.
b).- Him plays with Sarah.
c).- Sarah plays with him.
d).- Plays him with Sarah.
Yes!
You’re right!