Patti Kristjanson World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)

1. Gender and institutional
aspects of climate-smart
agricultural in Kenya, Uganda
and Senegal
Patti Kristjanson
World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF)
‘Does Gender Matter in Climate Change Adaptation’
Session, Tues Aug 11 10 am

2. Patti Kristjanson
CCAFS-­‐ini)ated
intra-­‐household
gender-­‐climate
change
study
in
Kenya
(2
sites),
Uganda
(2
sites),
Senegal,
Bangladesh
(Kovarik),
Colombia
(Twyman)
Builds
on
ILRI’s
comprehensive,
plot-­‐
level
farm
characteriza)on
survey
:
hLps://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/CCAFSbaseline
Same
ques)ons
of
man
(n=200)
and
woman
(n=200)
in
each
household/
site
One
key
objec)ve:
Understand
the
differences
in
awareness
and
adop*on
of
CSA
prac)ces
by
men
and
women
The ‘what’

3. Patti Kristjanson
The
IFPRI/CIAT/ICRAF/ILRI-­‐developed
intra-­‐household
gender
and
CC-­‐
focused
modules
include:
Preferences
and
use
of
agricultural
and
climate
informa)on
Access
to
credit
Decision-­‐making
Group
membership
Risk
management
Adapta)on
strategies/prac)ces
Climate
smart
prac)ces
Percep)ons
of
climate
change
Impacts
of
climate
change
Values
and
cogni)ve
processes
Research
with:
Q.
Bernier,
C.
Kovarik,
E.
Bryan,
E.
Haglund,
R.
Meinzen-­‐Dick,
C.
Quiros,
C.
Ringler,
M.
Rufino,
S.
Silvestri,
J.
Twyman.
Survey
leaders:
Edidah
Ampaire,
Joash
Mango,
Yacine
Ndourba,
Piet
Van
Asten.
Available
at:
hLps://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/CCAFSbaseline
Components

4. Patti Kristjanson
This
presenta)on
focuses
on
the
following
sites:
Nyando,
western
Kenya;
Wote,
central-­‐Eastern
Kenya;
Rakai,
south-­‐central
Uganda;
Kaffrine,
southern
Peanut
Basin,
Senegal;
(200
women,
200
men),
each
site
≈
1600
individuals
For
adapta>on
planning,
to
address
the
following
ques)ons:
Are
individuals
aware
of
different
agricultural
(including
climate-­‐smart)
prac*ces?
And
if
so,
have
they
adopted
them?
If
respondents
report
having
observed
changes
in
climate,
have
they
made
changes
in
their
agricultural
prac*ces
to
protect
themselves,
their
families,
or
their
communi)es?
If
so,
which
ones?
If
not,
why
not?
Bernier,
Kristjanson,
Meinzen-­‐Dick.
In
process.
Gender
and
ins>tu>onal
factors
influencing
men’s
and
women’s
awareness
and
uptake
of
climate
smart
agricultural
prac>ces
in
Kenya,
Uganda
and
Senegal
The ‘where’ and ‘why’

5. Patti Kristjanson
What practices?
Longer-­‐term
benefits
–
more
transforma>ve
changes
• Agroforestry
• Terraces
and
bunds
• Water
harves)ng
• Irriga)on
• Plan)ng
pits
• Minimum
)llage
• Improved
feed
management
• Grazing
or
rangeland
management
Short-­‐term
benefits
–
more
incremental
changes
• Crop
Residue
Mulching
• Compos)ng
• Livestock
manure
management
• More
efficient
fer)lizer
use
• Improved,
high-­‐yielding
varie)es
• Stress
tolerant
varie)es
• Destocking
• Cover
cropping
• Switch
to
drought
tolerant
livestock
• Integrated
pest
management

6. Patti Kristjanson
Response to CC by men and women: Kenya
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Soil
and
water
conserva)on
Change
crop
variety
Change
plan)ng
date
Change
crop
type
Water
harves)ng
Plan)ng
trees
on
farm
Women
Nyando
(n=56)
Men
Nyando
(n=99)
Women
Wote
(n=96)
Men
Wote
(n=137)

7. Patti Kristjanson
Response to CC by men and women: Uganda
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Plan)ng
trees
on
farm
Increase
land
planted
Change
crop
type
Change
crop
variety
Change
plan)ng
dates
Water
harves)ng
Soil
and
water
conserva)on
Food
storage
Women
Rakai
(n=125)
Men
Rakai
(n=127)

8. Patti Kristjanson
Analysis
addresses
the
ques)ons:
What
helps
explain
awareness
of
the
different
pracSces?
If
aware,
what
influences
adopSon?
Heckman
2-­‐stage
model:
1st
stage:
Probability
of
Awareness
=
fn
(age,
sex,
access
to
info
sources,
land
size,
assets,
spouse
awareness,
mo)va)ons)
2nd
stage:
Adop>on
=
fn
(land
ownership,
decision-­‐making
power,
innova)veness,
group
memberships,
trust,
gender
decision-­‐making,
educa)on,
age,
assets,
credit
access,
farm
&
off-­‐
farm
income,
climate
info
access,
climate
shock
experience)
Methods

9. Patti Kristjanson
Extension
agents
–
surprisingly
limited
influence,
especially
on
long-­‐term
prac)ces:
Kaffrine-­‐improved
varie)es,
fert,
manure
mgment,
agroforestry;
Rakai-­‐no
)ll;
Wote-­‐
water
harves)ng,
irriga)on
Agri-­‐service
providers
–
Kaffrine:
seeds,
fert,
no
)ll,
manure
mgment
Farmers’
organiza>ons
–
Kaffrine:
terraces
So,
conven)onal
sources
of
agricultural
and
climate-­‐related
informa)on
are
not
yet
significantly
increasing
awareness
of
CSA
prac*ces
Key findings - Awareness

10. Patti Kristjanson
Radio
–
Kaffrine-­‐
irriga)on,
agroforestry,
fert,
manure
mgment;
Wote-­‐irriga)on,
compost;
Nyando-­‐compost
Cellphones
s)ll
not
helping
increase
awareness
of
CSA
prac)ces
If
your
spouse
is
aware,
are
you?
For
most
prac)ces
in
Kaffrine,
yes;
but
this
is
the
case
for
only
a
few
prac)ces
in
the
Kenya
sites
Key findings – Awareness, cont’d

11. Patti Kristjanson
land
tenure
–
surprisingly
not
showing
up
as
important
share
of
off-­‐farm
income
–
nega)ve
influence
on
some
prac)ces
female
credit
access
–
posi)ve
influence
on
uptake
of
fer)lizer:
Nyando;
water
harves)ng,
irriga)on,
manure:
Wote;
impr
seeds,
compost:
Rakai
female
%
assets
–
posi)ve
influence
on
uptake
of
compos)ng,
crop
residues:
Wote;
agroforestry,
water
harves)ng:
Rakai;
water
harves)ng:
Kaffrine
Key findings – Adoption

12. Patti Kristjanson
Innova>veness
–
associated
with
water
harves)ng:
Nyando;
terracing:
Wote;
terracing,
irriga)on,
HYV’s,
fer)lizer:
Rakai
Able
to
make
decisions
–
agroforestry:
Rakai;
no
)ll:
Wote
Group
memberships
–
compost:
Nyando;
water
harves)ng,
HYVs:
Rakai;
crop
residues:
Kaffrine
Key findings - Adoption, cont’d

13. Patti Kristjanson
Implications - 1
Awareness
of
CSA
opportuni>es
is
important
but
insufficient
to
date,
so
it
will
be
key
to
support
to
projects
and
programs
that:
• link
local
radio
and
TV
sta>ons
and
providers
of
agricultural
knowledge
and
climate
informa>on
• Work
with
farmer’s
and
other
groups
(e.g.
religious
groups,
women’s
groups)
and
agri-­‐service
providers
to
beLer
reach
women
• Support
agricultural
knowledge
plaWorms
that
bring
together
these
various
groups
and
take
advantage
of
new
ICT-­‐based
opportuni>es
(via
cellphones,
television
(e.g.
Shamba
Shape
Up),
social
media)
• Support
innova>ve
farmer-­‐led
learning
and
ag
extension
approaches

14. Patti Kristjanson
Implications - 2
Adop>on
of
improved
prac>ces
remains
low
in
large
part
due
to
ins*tu*onal
challenges
facing
all
food
system
actors,
but
women
farmers
in
par)cular
–
con)nuing
an)-­‐women
biases
in
ag
services
and
informa)on;
lack
of
suppor)ng
infrastructure,
and
collec)ve
ac)on
challenges
in
general
(not
just
gender
norms)
There
has
been
a
lot
more
investment
in
technologies
than
there
has
been
in
ins*tu*ons
(e.g.
land
rights
for
women),
policies,
capacity,
innova)ve
communica)on
approaches,
etc

15. Patti Kristjanson
Implications - 3
Its
)me
for
new
research
approaches
that
reach,
and
learn
together
with,
more
farmers,
especially
women
(e.g.
text-­‐
based
targeted
ques)ons,
crowdsourcing,
farmer-­‐led
innova)on
approaches,
etc)

16. Patti Kristjanson
Bernier,
Kristjanson,
Meinzen-­‐Dick.
In
process.
Gender
and
ins>tu>onal
factors
influencing
men’s
and
women’s
awareness
and
uptake
of
climate
smart
agricultural
prac>ces
in
Kenya,
Uganda
and
Senegal
Bernier
et
al.
2015.
Ins>tu>ons
and
Gender
in
the
Adop>on
of
Climate
Smart
Agriculture:
Evidence
from
Kenya.
CCAFS
Working
Paper
No.
79.
CGIAR
Research
Program
on
Climate
Change,
Agriculture
and
Food
Security
(CCAFS).
Copenhagen,
Denmark.
Available
online
at:
www.ccafs.cgiar.org
Silvestri
et
al.
2015.
Households
and
food
security:
Lessons
from
food
secure
households
in
East
Africa.
Agriculture
and
Food
Security,
forthcoming.
Douxchamps
et
al.
2015.
Linking
agricultural
adapta>on
strategies,
food
security
and
vulnerability:
Evidence
from
West
Africa.
Regional
Environmental
Change,
forthcoming.
Jost
et
al.
2015.
Understanding
Gender
Dimensions
of
Agriculture
and
Climate
Change
in
Smallholder
Farming
Communi>es.
Climate
and
Development.
Open
access.
Perez
et
al.
2015.
How
resilient
are
farming
households,
communi>es,
men
and
women
to
a
changing
climate
in
Africa?
Global
Environmental
Change.
Wood
et
al.
2014.
Smallholder
farmer
cropping
decisions
related
to
climate
variability
across
mul>ple
regions.
Global
Environmental
Change,
25,
163-­‐172.
Open
access.
Additional resources